Assessing the exposure and hazard of diesel exhaust in professional drivers: a review of the current state of knowledge

Lim, Sangyeob; Holliday, Lois; Barratt, Benjamin; Griffiths, Chris; Mudway, Ian

doi:10.1007/s11869-021-01048-0

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Several factors are known to be partially responsible for this variation. Many studies have demonstrated that the variation of NO 2 concentrations in-vehicle were significantly influenced by idle/close ventilation conditions, ambient temperature, time of the day, seasons, road traffic patterns, filters, fuel type, vehicle age, level of exhaust emissions and outdoor NO 2 levels [23][24][25]. Nevertheless, our study has been unable to demonstrate the differences of NO 2 concentration between morning and afternoon hours.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Evaluation of In-Vehicle Pollutants Exposure and Respiratory Symptoms among Bus Drivers in Kota Bahru, Malaysia

Ayub

Jalaludin²,

Isa³

et al. 2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Exposure to in-vehicle air pollutants has been recognized as a risk factor for respiratory diseases. The present study, therefore, investigates the factors, including duration of employment and in-vehicle concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) that can influence the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in commercial bus drivers. A total of 34 bus drivers and 51 administrative staff (comparative group) from the bus operator in Kota Bahru, Malaysia were randomly enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The personal characteristics and respiratory symptoms were reported using a validated questionnaire from the American Thoracic Society (ATS-DLD-78-A). In-vehicle concentrations of PM2.5, CO2 and NO2 were continuously measured over eight hours on each bus driver. The prevalence of self-reported cough, phlegm and chronic phlegm among bus drivers were 55.9%, 73.5% and 35.3%, respectively, significantly higher compared to the comparative group (p < 0.001). Moreover, the duration of employment with bus operators for more than four years was significantly related to the manifestation of phlegm (OR = 8.27, 95% CI = 3.12-21.89) and cough (OR = 4.57, 95% CI = 1.66-12.59). Among the pollutants measured, concentrations of PM2.5 (92.1 µg/m3) and CO2 (286.9 ppm) inside the buses were significantly higher in the morning compared to afternoon hours (p < 0.001). These findings provide important evidence for further surveillance programs that could reduce occupational exposure for bus drivers.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Evaluation of In-Vehicle Pollutants Exposure and Respiratory Symptoms among Bus Drivers in Kota Bahru, Malaysia

Ayub

Jalaludin²,

Isa³

et al. 2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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show abstract

“…Vehicle's age, model, size, fuel, air conditioning and refueling are the main factors considered in the studies [19,[109][110][111][112][113][114][115]. The other indoor environments were analyzed less frequently: 6% trains [116][117][118][119][120][121], 5% airplane [122][123][124][125][126], 5% truck/van/ambulance [47,[127][128][129] and 1% (each) for trams [130][131][132][133][134] and boat/ferry [51,135]. Many studies consider different transport modalities at the same time, providing a comparison of pollutant concentrations and evaluating the possible exposure when using one transportation mode compared to the others.…”

Section: Transport Microenvironmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Air Pollution in Transport Microenvironments

et al. 2023

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People spend approximately 90% of their day in confined spaces (at home, work, school or in transit). During these periods, exposure to high concentrations of atmospheric pollutants can pose serious health risks, particularly to the respiratory system. The objective of this paper is to define a framework of the existing literature on the assessment of air quality in various transport microenvironments. A total of 297 papers, published from 2002 to 2021, were analyzed with respect to the type of transport microenvironments, the pollutants monitored, the concentrations measured and the sampling methods adopted. The analysis emphasizes the increasing interest in this topic, particularly regarding the evaluation of exposure in moving cars and buses. It specifically focuses on the exposure of occupants to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs). Concentrations of these pollutants can reach several hundreds of µg/m3 in some cases, significantly exceeding the recommended levels. The findings presented in this paper serve as a valuable resource for urban planners and decision-makers in formulating effective urban policies.

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“…Industry and academia can work together to create a reliable and portable sensor that can indicate exposure levels to diesel exhausts alongside GPS devices to increase awareness regarding exposure to air pollutants. The data could then be used as evaluation material for policymakers (38).…”

Section: Health Risk Of Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Air Pollutants in Online Motorcycle Taxi Drivers in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta

Simatupang

Veronika

Irfandi

et al. 2022

JKL

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Introduction: Online motorcycle taxi drivers spend most of their time outside as either driving or waiting for their customers. Therefore, chances of exposure to various air pollutants are higher and may cause various health problems, especially the respiratory problems. Methods: This is a descriptive study that used the Environmental Health Risk Analysis method to estimate the Risk Quotient (RQ) from exposure to PM10, SO2, CO, O3, and NO2 in drivers. The RQ was calculated based on exposure concentrations from the Special Capital Region of Jakarta Environment Agency; daily working hours, working days in a year, and working period obtained from interviews; additionally, body weight measurement, reference concentration (RfC), and the default value of inhalation intake were also collected. The population of this study was adult online motorcycle taxi drivers who operate around areas which become the air quality measurement stations in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta with a total sample of 81 people. Results and Discussion: The RQ for all minimum, average, and maximum concentrations of SO2, CO, and NO2 were <1. While for the average and maximum concentrations of PM10 and the maximum concentration of O3, the RQ was >1. The safe concentrations, work duration, and the number of working days also surpassed the maximum safety limit levels. Conclusion: PM10 and O3 ambient exposures are categorized unsafe for drivers. Environmental health efforts are necessary to reduce the concentration of air pollutants, and the guidelines to reduce pollutants exposure should be provided for drivers.

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Assessing the exposure and hazard of diesel exhaust in professional drivers: a review of the current state of knowledge

Cited by 6 publications

References 97 publications

Evaluation of In-Vehicle Pollutants Exposure and Respiratory Symptoms among Bus Drivers in Kota Bahru, Malaysia

Evaluation of In-Vehicle Pollutants Exposure and Respiratory Symptoms among Bus Drivers in Kota Bahru, Malaysia

Exposure to Air Pollution in Transport Microenvironments

Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Air Pollutants in Online Motorcycle Taxi Drivers in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta

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