Assessing the effect of environmental factors on the spawning activity of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius through video recording observations

Жадан, П. М.; Vaschenko, Marina A.; Ryazanov, Sergey D.

doi:10.3354/meps12436

Cited by 14 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The studies here were performed at a depth of 2 m on a flat bottom covered with medium sized gravel. Within both bays, water depth is weakly influenced by tidal activity: an irregular semidiurnal tide has a maximum amplitude of approximately 50 cm (Zhadan, Vaschenko & Ryazanov, 2019).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some species are additionally protected by pedicellaria with poison glands (Jensen, 1966; Cannone, 1970). Sea urchins exhibit mostly nocturnal activity for both the movement/migration (Crook, Long & Barnes, 2000; Dance, 1987; Hasegawa, 2014; Hereu et al, 2005) and spawning (Zhadan, Vaschenko & Ryazanov, 2019), appearing to be an adaptation for enemy avoidance (Fricke, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term study of behaviors of two cohabiting sea urchin species, Mesocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius, under conditions of high food quantity and predation risk in situ

Жадан

Vaschenko

2019

PeerJ

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BackgroundIn the predator–sea urchin–macrophyte trophic cascade, the ecological effect of sea urchins as grazers depends both on their density and the changes in foraging activity, which are influenced by various disturbing factors. However, the complete duration of the alarm reactions of echinoids has not been studied until now. Here, we tested a hypothesis that two cohabiting sea urchins, Mesocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius, which differ morphologically, might display different behavioral responses to high hydrodynamic activity and predation.MethodsWe used continuous time-lapse video recording to clarify behavioral patterns of M. nudus and S. intermedius in presence of a large quantity of food (the kelp Saccharina japonica) but under different weather conditions and different types of predation threat: (1) calm weather conditions, (2) stormy weather conditions, (3) predation risk associated with the presence of several sea star species and (4) predation risk associated with an alarm stimulus (crushed conspecifics or heterospecifics). Three separate video recording experiments (134 days in total) were conducted under field conditions. Video recording analysis was performed to determine the number of specimens of each sea urchin species in the cameras’ field of view, size of sea urchins’ groups, movement patterns and the duration of the alarm responses of both sea urchin species.ResultsWe showed that in the presence of kelp, M. nudus and S. intermedius exhibited both similar and different behavioral responses to hydrodynamics and predation threat. Under calm weather, movement patterns of both echinoids were similar but M. nudus exhibited the higher locomotion speed and distance traveled. Furthermore, S. intermedius but not M. nudus tended to group near the food substrate. The stormy weather caused a sharp decrease in movement activity followed by escape response in both echinoids. Six starfish species failed to predate on healthy sea urchins of either species and only a few attacks on ailing S. intermedius specimens were successful. The alarm response of S. intermedius lasted approximately 90 h and 20 h for starfish attacks on ailing conspecifics and for simulated attacks (crushed conspecifics or heterospecifics), respectively and involved several phases: (1) flight response, (2) grouping close to the food, (3) leaving the food and (4) return to the food. Phase three was the more pronounced in a case of starfish attack. M. nudus only responded to crushed conspecifics and exhibited no grouping behavior but displayed fast escape (during 4 h) and prolonged (up to 19 days) avoidance of the food source. This outcome is the longest alarm response reported for sea urchins.DiscussionThe most interesting finding is that two cohabiting sea urchin species, M. nudus and S. intermedius, display different alarm responses to predation threat. Both alarm responses are interpreted as defensive adaptations against visual predators.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term study of behaviors of two cohabiting sea urchin species, Mesocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius, under conditions of high food quantity and predation risk in situ

Жадан

Vaschenko

2019

PeerJ

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“…Manuscript to be reviewed medium sized gravel. Within both bays, water depth is weakly influenced by tidal activity: an irregular semidiurnal tide has a maximum amplitude of approximately cm (Zhadan et al, 2018).…”

Section: Study Areas Sea Urchins and Video Recording Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In both bays, the density of S. intermedius and M. nudus in the areas adjacent to the experimental installations was to ind. m −2 (Zhadan et al, 2018). In addition, to balance the density of the species in the study areas, approximately 300 specimens of S. intermedius were collected in the bays in a radius of 100-200 m from the experimental installations and placed at a distance of 10-20 m from them.…”

Section: Study Areas Sea Urchins and Video Recording Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Peer Review #1 of "Long-term study of behaviors of two cohabiting sea urchin species, Mesocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius, under conditions of high food quantity and predation risk in situ (v0.1)"

2019

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Background. In the predator-sea urchin-macrophyte trophic cascade, the ecological effect of sea urchins as grazers depends both on their density and the changes in foraging activity, which are influenced by various disturbing factors. However, the complete duration of the alarm reactions of echinoids has not been studied until now. Here, we tested a hypothesis that two cohabiting sea urchins, Mesocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius, which differ morphologically, might display different behavioral responses to high hydrodynamic activity and predation. Methods. We used continuous time-lapse video recording to clarify behavioral patterns of M. nudus and S. intermedius in presence of a large quantity of food (the kelp Saccharina japonica) but under different weather conditions and different types of predation threat: (1) calm weather conditions, (2) stormy weather conditions, (3) predation risk associated with the presence of several sea star species, and (4) predation risk associated with an alarm stimulus (crushed conspecifics or heterospecifics). Three separate video recording experiments (134 days in total) were conducted under field conditions. Video recording analysis was performed to determine the number of specimens of each sea urchin species in the cameras' field of view, size of sea urchins' groups, movement patterns and the duration of the alarm responses of both sea urchin species. Results. We showed that in the presence of kelp, M. nudus and S. intermedius exhibited both similar and different behavioral responses to hydrodynamics and predation threat. Under calm weather, movement patterns of both echinoids were similar but M. nudus exhibited the higher locomotion speed and distance travelled. Furthermore, S. intermedius but not M. nudus tended to group near the food substrate. The stormy weather caused a sharp decrease in movement activity followed by escape response in both echinoids. Six starfish species failed to predate on healthy sea urchins of either species, and only a few attacks on ailing

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Strongylocentrotus intermedius

Agatsuma¹

2020

Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science

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Assessing the effect of environmental factors on the spawning activity of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius through video recording observations

Cited by 14 publications

References 51 publications

Long-term study of behaviors of two cohabiting sea urchin species, Mesocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius, under conditions of high food quantity and predation risk in situ

Long-term study of behaviors of two cohabiting sea urchin species, Mesocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius, under conditions of high food quantity and predation risk in situ

Peer Review #1 of "Long-term study of behaviors of two cohabiting sea urchin species, Mesocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius, under conditions of high food quantity and predation risk in situ (v0.1)"

Strongylocentrotus intermedius

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