Assessing Stimulus Control in a Discrimination Task with Compound Stimuli: Evaluating Testing Procedures and Tracking Eye Fixations

Pérez, William F.; Endemann, Peter; Pessôa, Candido V. B. B.; Tomanari, Gerson Yukio

doi:10.1007/s40732-014-0092-1

Cited by 19 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…First, it was observed that irrespective of the response topography, there was a practice effect whereby observation durations declined across the steps of the training process. This is similar to that described by Schroeder (1970) and other experiments (e.g., Perez et al 2014;Pessôa et al 2009). Schroeder analyzed eye movement behavior in college students who received training in a simple discrimination task and showed a decrease in the time spent observing stimuli throughout the training steps.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Patterns of eye movement in matching-to-sample tasks

Huziwara

Souza

Tomanari

2016

Psicol. Refl. Crít.

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The present study evaluated whether during a matching-to-sample procedure (MTS), the time spent observing stimuli is related to the establishment of selection or rejection controlling relationships in human participants. It also evaluated whether different response topographies (i.e., participants using the keyboard or mouse) would influence the duration of eye fixations. Ten college students participated. The procedure established conditional relationships among six sets of abstract stimuli. Five participants selected the comparison stimuli using a computer mouse and five used a keyboard. An eye-scan device recorded eye movements throughout the training procedure. After participants completed training, probes verified whether the conditional relationships learned were controlled by selection (e.g., if A1, select B1), by rejection (e.g., if A1, reject B2), or both. All participants displayed a similar pattern of stimuli observation. Time spent observing the sample stimulus (e.g., A1) was longer than observing the comparison stimuli (e.g., B1 and B2). Time spent observing S+ (positive stimuli; e.g., B1) was longer than observing S-(negative stimuli; e.g., B2). Duration of eye fixation was not related to selection or rejection controlling relationships, but different response topographies appeared to modulate the amount of time spent observing stimuli.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…According to Perez et al (2014), eye movement analysis can be better interpreted when coupled with additional tests to assess stimulus control. In their study, eye movements were recorded while participants engaged in a simple simultaneous discrimination task with compound stimuli (e.g., a green triangle, the S+, and a red circle, the S-).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of eye movement in matching-to-sample tasks

Huziwara

Souza

Tomanari

2016

Psicol. Refl. Crít.

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“…Thus, the measures of eye movement behavior could be contrasted with measures obtained in stimulus control probes, evaluating if differences in eye-fi xations are, in some way, related to the establishment of select or reject control during the training. A similar suggestion was made by Perez et al (2015). In their study, participants were exposed to a simultaneous discrimination task with compound stimuli and their eye fi xations were recorded.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Analyzing the Stimulus Control Acquisition in Simple Discrimination Tasks through Eye Movement

Huziwara¹,

Silva²,

Pérez³

et al. 2015

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

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In order to investigate whether simultaneous or successive presentation of stimuli is related to the duration of eye fi xation (i.e., the time spent gazing a specifi c stimulus), this study described the eye movements of young adults in simultaneous and successive simple discrimination tasks. Using 12 landscape scenes as visual stimuli, three participants were exposed to a simple discrimination training with simultaneously presented stimuli (Si Procedure) and then to a second simple discrimination training with successively presented stimuli (Su Procedure). Another three participants were exposed to the Procedure in the opposite order. In both cases, the learning criterion was that at least 90% of the responses should be correct in one block. Eye movements were recorded during the whole experiment. Participants achieved the learning criteria in both procedures. Beyond that, eye fi xation time in the Su Procedure was higher than in the Si Procedure, regardless of the training sequence. Taken together with previous results in different experiments, our fi ndings suggest that the duration of eye fi xation plays a central role in the establishment of different stimulus control topographies. Keywords: Eye movements, eye fi xation time, simultaneous discrimination, successive discrimination, young adults. ResumoCom o objetivo de investigar se a apresentação simultânea ou sucessiva de estímulos estaria relacionada com a duração da fi xação do olhar (i.e., o tempo gasto fi xando um estímulo específi co), este estudo descreveu os movimentos dos olhos de adultos em tarefas de discriminação simples simultâneas e sucessivas. Utilizando 12 cenas de paisagens como estímulos visuais, três participantes foram expostos a um treino de discriminação simples com estímulos apresentados simultaneamente (Procedimento Si) e, em seguida, a um segundo treino de discriminação simples com estímulos apresentados sucessivamente (Procedimento Su). Outros três participantes foram expostos ao Procedimento em ordem inversa. Em ambos os casos, uma concentração mínima de 90% das respostas ao estímulo correto, em um mesmo bloco, defi nia a aquisição da discriminação. Os movimentos dos olhos foram registrados durante todo o experimento. Participantes atingiram os critérios de aquisição da discriminação em ambos os procedimentos. Além disso, o tempo de fi xação do olhar no Procedimento Su foi maior do que no Procedimento Si, independentemente da sequência de treino. Considerados em conjunto com resultados prévios em diferentes experimentos, nossos dados sugerem que a duração da fi xação do olhar exerce um papel central no estabelecimento de diferentes topografi as de controle de estímulos. Palavras-chave: Movimentos dos olhos, tempo de fi xação dos olhos, discriminação simultânea, discriminação sucessiva, jovens adultos.By analyzing simple, everyday events, it is possible to verify that some aspects of the environment infl uence the probability of occurrence of behaviors. A red traffi c light, a road sign, or an offi cer's signal are examples...

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“…Palmer, 2010). In visual discrimination tasks, for example, recording the participants' gaze along their button-pressing responses has already shown promise as a valuable source of information (e.g., Dube et al, 1999Dube et al, , 2010Huziwara, de Souza, & Tomanari, 2016;Perez, Endemann, Pessôa, & Tomanari, 2015;Steingrimsdottir & Arntzen, 2016). This line of research has also rekindled behavior analysts' more general interest in the study of eye movements (e.g., Paeye & Madelain, 2011), a topic that Holland and colleagues (Holland, 1958;Schroeder & Holland, 1968, 1969 had previously pioneered.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Picanço

Tonneau

2018

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Tracking eye movements is being increasingly recognized as a valuable source of information about stimulus control. So far, however, eye-tracking research has suffered from accessibility issues, with expensive hardware and closed-source software. In this article we review Pupil©, an eye-tracking platform developed by Pupil Labs and that combines open-source software with low-cost hardware components. We offer concrete recommendations about Pupil use in stimulus-control research and we show how the software can be extended to automatize the analysis of gaze data. Finally, we present the results of a study of visual discrimination and conditioned reinforcement conducted with Pupil, establishing the usefulness of this platform as a research tool in behavior analysis.

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Assessing Stimulus Control in a Discrimination Task with Compound Stimuli: Evaluating Testing Procedures and Tracking Eye Fixations

Cited by 19 publications

References 17 publications

Patterns of eye movement in matching-to-sample tasks

Patterns of eye movement in matching-to-sample tasks

Analyzing the Stimulus Control Acquisition in Simple Discrimination Tasks through Eye Movement

A low‐cost platform for eye‐tracking research: Using Pupil© in behavior analysis

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