Assessing Home Environment for Early Child Development in Pakistan

Nadeem, Sanober; Rafique, Ghazala; Khowaja, Liaquat; Yameen, Anjum

doi:10.1080/13575279.2013.859565

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Third, it can be influenced by idiosyncratic experiences during a home visit. Fourth, many items reflect family socioeconomic status (Nadeem, Rafique, Khowaja, & Yameen, 2014), which is not directly targeted or altered by the intervention efforts.…”

Section: Mediating Family Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal scaffolding and home stimulation: Key mediators of early intervention effects on children’s cognitive development.

Obradović

Yousafzai

Finch

et al. 2016

Developmental Psychology

110

102

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This study contributes to the understanding of how early parenting interventions implemented in low- and middle-income countries during the first 2 years of children's lives are sustained longitudinally to promote cognitive skills in preschoolers. We employed path analytic procedures to examine 2 family processes-the quality of home stimulation and maternal scaffolding behaviors-as underlying mechanisms through which a responsive stimulation intervention uniquely predicted children's verbal intelligence, performance intelligence, and executive functioning. The sample included 1,302 highly disadvantaged children and their mothers living in rural Pakistan, who from birth participated in a 2-year, community-based, cluster-randomized, controlled trial designed to promote sensitive and responsive caregiving. Family processes were assessed at 2 developmental time points using parent reports, ratings of home environments, and observed parent-child interactions. Cognitive skills at age 4 were assessed using standardized tests. Controlling for socioeconomic risk (e.g., wealth, maternal education, food insecurity) and individual factors (e.g., gender, growth status), the quality of current home stimulation as well as both earlier and concurrent measures of maternal scaffolding independently mediated the intervention effects on cognitive skills at age 4. In addition, the intervention had a significant direct effect on executive functioning and performance intelligence over and above significant family processes and other covariates. We highlight implications for future program design and evaluation studies. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Section: Mediating Family Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal scaffolding and home stimulation: Key mediators of early intervention effects on children’s cognitive development.

Obradović

Yousafzai

Finch

et al. 2016

Developmental Psychology

110

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In general, mothers in countries that rank in the lower and middle Human Development Index tiers score lower than do mothers in higher ranking countries on ratings of cognitively stimulating caregiving, such as reading books, telling stories, naming objects, counting, and drawing (Bornstein & Putnick, 2012). A study of 1,097 children and their families in suburban and rural Pakistan revealed that between one half and three quarters of children have little to no access to age-appropriate play and learning materials such as books and toys (Nadeem et al, 2014). Investigating the role that mothers’ cognitive capacities play in supporting early childhood caregiving behaviors in such contexts can advance the understanding of mechanisms that could be targeted through early parenting interventions.…”

Section: Pakistan Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, we examined whether maternal working memory mediated the effect of family socioeconomic resources and an early parenting intervention on observed maternal scaffolding behaviors that are known to promote early cognitive development, including children’s executive functions (Barrett & Fleming, 2011; Fay-Stammbach, Hawes, & Meredith, 2014; Obradović, Yousafzai, Finch, & Rasheed, 2016). It is especially important to study processes that promote stimulating parenting practices in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where children’s experiences at home are the often the first and only opportunity for learning and intellectual growth (Nadeem, Rafique, Khowaja, & Yameen, 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal scaffolding in a disadvantaged global context: The influence of working memory and cognitive capacities.

Obradović¹,

Portilla²,

Tirado-Strayer³

et al. 2017

Journal of Family Psychology

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The current study focuses on maternal cognitive capacities as determinants of parenting in a highly disadvantaged global context, where children's experiences at home are often the 1st and only opportunity for learning and intellectual growth. In a large sample of 1,291 biological mothers of preschool-aged children in rural Pakistan, we examined the unique association of maternal working memory skills (independent of related cognitive capacities) with cognitively stimulating parenting behaviors. Path analysis revealed that directly assessed working memory, short-term memory, and verbal intelligence independently predicted greater levels of observed maternal scaffolding behaviors. Mothers from poorer families demonstrated lower levels of working memory, short-term memory, and verbal intelligence. However, mothers' participation in an early childhood parenting intervention that ended 2 years prior to this study contributed to greater levels of working memory skills and verbal intelligence. Further, all 3 domains of maternal cognitive capacity mediated the effect of family economic resources on maternal scaffolding, and verbal intelligence also mediated the effect of early parenting intervention exposure on maternal scaffolding. The study demonstrates the unique relevance of maternal working memory for scaffolding behaviors that required continuously monitoring the child's engagement, providing assistance, and minimizing external distractions. These results highlight the importance of directly targeting maternal cognitive capacities in poor women with little or no formal education, using a 2-generation intervention approach that includes activities known to promote parental executive functioning and literacy. (PsycINFO Database Record

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“…Family income, according to a research conducted in Pakistan, also seems to influence the quality of the physical environment and, consequently, the quality of child development stimulation ( 32 ) . This is also what another study revealed, in which families with lower purchasing power had low rates for offering stimuli to children in the gross and fine motor dimensions ( 33 ) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of an intervention with mothers to stimulate children under two years

Torquato

Collet

Forte

et al. 2019

Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem

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Objective:To analyze the effectiveness of an educational intervention with mothers to stimulate children under two years of age at risk for neuropsychomotor development.Method:Before-after intervention study, conducted with 52 mothers of children under two years old, enrolled in reference centers in early childhood education. Initially, maternal knowledge regarding child development and stimulation was assessed through a structured instrument. Then, workshops were held with the mothers and, after three months, maternal knowledge was revised, reapplying the data collection instrument. In the analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used, applying the McNemar and Wilcoxon tests and the Rasch Model from the Item Response Theory.Results:after the intervention, there was a significant increase in scores regarding the following aspects: knowledge of mothers about child development and stimulation from 5.77 ± 1.85 to 18.60 ± 1.94 (p <0.001); reduction of the maternal difficulty index in answering the instrument questions from 1.17 ± 0.57 to -1.98 ± 1.63 (p 0.01).Conclusion:the educational intervention contributed to the improvement of maternal knowledge regarding the development and forms of child stimulation, corroborating the importance of this action to advance the health of children at risk under maternal care at home.

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Assessing Home Environment for Early Child Development in Pakistan

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Maternal scaffolding and home stimulation: Key mediators of early intervention effects on children’s cognitive development.

Maternal scaffolding and home stimulation: Key mediators of early intervention effects on children’s cognitive development.

Maternal scaffolding in a disadvantaged global context: The influence of working memory and cognitive capacities.

Effectiveness of an intervention with mothers to stimulate children under two years

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