“…Conversely, practitioners who have not experienced addiction have been found to be less empathic and to utilize a narrower range of treatment techniques in their work with people with substance use disorders (Bylsma, 2010;Stoffelmayr et al, 1998). Researchers have reported that some helping professionals negatively stigmatized clients with substance addiction, viewing use and relapse as a choice or moral failing (Chasek, Jorgensen & Maxon, 2012;Room, 2009; Van, Eliason, Freudenberg, & Barnes, 2009). These assumptions may lead to a lack of understanding and support and even to inferiorizing, disrespectful interactions (Ballon & Skinner, 2008;Hayes et al, 2004).…”