Assessing BTEX exposure among workers of the second largest natural gas reserve in the world: a biomonitoring approach

Moridzadeh, Mehdi; Dehghani, Samaneh; Rafiee, Ata; Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh; Dehghani, Mansooreh; Hoseini, Mohammad

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10379-x

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…However, numerous studies, environmental monitoring of residents around these stations as well as workers who are in contact with these pollutants (both in the distribution sector and in the industry of production of these materials) emphasized the need to assess the risks of emissions in urban areas (30)(31)(32)(33)(34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) concentration at gas stations

Allahabady

Yousefi

Tahamtan

et al. 2022

Environ Health Eng Manag

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Background: Fuel stations are one of the major sources of air pollution with volatile organic compounds, especially the four main petrol compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). BTEX in gasoline enters the air of gas stations due to high evaporation of gasoline. Therefore, determining the concentration of these compounds in gas stations in crowded and busy cities is one of the important priorities of environmental health, which is doubly important in terms of its negative effects on health. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 39 samples were collected from 13 gas stations. Sampling was performed in autumn 2018 in three working shifts (morning, noon, and night). The method NIOSH-1501 (i.e., using charcoal sorbent tubes and SKC pump with a flow rate of 0.2 L/min) was used for sampling the BTEX compounds. The mean difference and correlation of BTEX compounds based on meteorological parameters and the number of nozzles in gas stations were assessed using one-way ANOVA and correlation tests. Results: The mean and standard deviation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene concentrations in the air of fuel stations were 2.784±1.461, 3.495±1.390, 2.091±0.811, and 1.140±0.419 mg/m3, respectively. The relationship between BTEX compounds and meteorological parameters such as humidity and exposure time is very important. There is a strong correlation between the concentrations of BTEX compounds. The highest correlation was observed between benzene and toluene and the lowest one was observed between benzene and xylene. In this study, no significant relationship was observed between air temperature and concentration of BTEX compounds, but there was a relationship between relative humidity and the concentration of BTEX compounds. Conclusion: The average benzene concentration in the air at the fuel stations was about 5.5 times the standard limit. Authorities should improve fuel quality and reduce its evaporation through engineering measures to overcome the issue.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) concentration at gas stations

Allahabady

Yousefi

Tahamtan

et al. 2022

Environ Health Eng Manag

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“…These facts could apply to phenol concentration in urine in the male group. However, the role of smoking behavior in increasing the levels of BTEX compounds in urine needs to be confirmed with further analysis [5,6]. A recent medical study in Serbia showed that exposure to petrol and petroleum derivates in a refinery (part of the same petroleum complex as the plant studied herein) was associated with genotoxic effects on the lymphocytes in the exposed cohort [4].…”

Section: Cancer Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The national Serbian legislation for these compounds is aligned with the European limits [4,5]. Recent studies using urinary biomarkers showed that in occupa-tional environments, workers are still exposed to significant levels of BTEX, not only in the petrochemical industry, but in the waste management sector as well [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Occupational Exposure to BTEX in a Petrochemical Plant via Urinary Biomarkers

Mihajlović

Grba

Suđi³

et al. 2021

Sustainability

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This work presents the results of the first Serbian monitoring campaign performed to assess the occupational exposure of petrochemical industry workers to benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E), and xylene (X), known collectively as BTEX. The following urinary biomarkers were investigated: phenol, hippuric acid, o-Cresol, p-Cresol, and creatinine. BTEX compounds were collected in 2014 using Casella passive samplers. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to put in evidence the correlation between the BTEX measured in air and the concentration of urinary biomarkers. While the results indicate an elevated presence of benzene in the air in the working environment studied that surpasses the national and European Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL), the levels of the remaining (TEX) parameters measured were below the OEL. The high relative standard deviations (RSD) for the concentrations of each BTEX compound (68–161 mg m−3) point toward an intensive occupational exposure to BTEX. This was confirmed by relevant urine biomarkers, particularly by the mean values of phenol, which were ten and fourteen times higher than the ones found in the control group (14–12 mg g−1 of creatinine). On average, workers are at a higher risk of developing cancer (6.1 × 10−3), with risk levels exceeding the US EPA limits. Benzene levels should therefore be maintained under tight controls and monitored via proper urinary biomarkers.

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“…Inhalation of toluene and xylenes causes headache, vertigo and inflammation of the mucous membrane [28]. As a result, the levels of BTEX compounds are used as indices for measuring the harmful effects of human exposure to VOCs [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Presence Volatile Organic Compounds (BTEX) in the Ambient Air and Biogases Produced by a Shiraz Landfill in Southern Iran

et al. 2022

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The generation and emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affects the environment and air quality, playing an important role in global warming, depletion of atmospheric ozone and emission of unpleasant odors, but also directly affect human health. This study investigated the health risks of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX) compounds and biogas released in and around the municipal landfill. Sampling of the VOCs was carried out by the 1501NIOSH method from 8 points over 5 months. The samples were analyzed for BTEX in the ambient air of the landfill, resulting in 0.03–18.09 ppm concentrations, while for biogases a 0.08–25.2 ppm range was found. Assessment of definite health and potential risks showed that the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) for benzene and hazard quotient (HQ) for the BTEX components in all studied sampling sites are higher than the acceptable standard. The high concentration of benzene measured in ambient air indicated that petroleum compounds containing benzene and its derivatives have the highest value in the category of BTEX compounds among all emissions. Therefore, high concentrations of volatile compounds derived from VOCs, especially benzene, should be reduced at the site with control engineering measures.

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Assessing BTEX exposure among workers of the second largest natural gas reserve in the world: a biomonitoring approach

Cited by 21 publications

References 41 publications

Measurement of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) concentration at gas stations

Measurement of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) concentration at gas stations

Assessment of Occupational Exposure to BTEX in a Petrochemical Plant via Urinary Biomarkers

Investigation of the Presence Volatile Organic Compounds (BTEX) in the Ambient Air and Biogases Produced by a Shiraz Landfill in Southern Iran

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