Assessing Annual Water-Air Fluxes of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Lake Michigan

Hornbuckle, Keri C.; Sweet, Clyde W.; Pearson, Roger F.; Swackhamer, Deborah L.; Eisenreich, Steven J.

doi:10.1021/es00004a006

Cited by 92 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The fluxes of ∑PCBs in spring were depositional while they were volatilized in summer. In another study conducted in Lake Michigan in September 1991, all PCB fluxes were from water to air and they ranged from −24 to −220 ng m − 2 day − 1 (Hornbuckle et al, 1995). Totten et al (2001) have also found net volatilization for PCBs in the New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary in July 1998 and the net flux ranged from −310 to −2700 ng m − 2 day − 1 .…”

Section: Air-water Exchangementioning

confidence: 94%

Air–water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) at a coastal site in Izmir Bay, Turkey

et al. 2008

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The air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated using paired air-water samples (n = 16) collected in July and February-March, 2005 from Guzelyali Port in Izmir Bay, Turkey. Atmospheric PCBs and OCPs were mainly in gas-phase in both periods. However, their dissolved and particle-phase water concentrations were comparable. For PCBs, 3 and 4-Cl congeners were dominant while chlorpyrifos, endosulfans and HCHs were the most abundant OCPs for all samples. Especially in summer, calculated net gas-exchange PCB fluxes were mainly volatilization from the water ranging from − 0.2 (volatilization, PCB-101) to −30.0 (volatilization, PCB-31) ng m − 2 day − 1 . For OCPs, net flux ranged from −0.03 (volatilization, cis-nonachlor) to 1568 (deposition, endosulfan I) ng m − 2 day − 1 and they have seasonal variations with generally deposition in winter and volatilization in summer. However, endosulfan I, II, endosulfan sulfate, α-and γ-HCH deposited in both periods. The calculated residence times of PCBs and OCPs in the water column indicated that the gasexchange in the Bay is at least as or a more important mechanism than advection. Annual gaseous absorption and volatilization fluxes were calculated and were used along with the estimated dry deposition fluxes and wet deposition fluxes measured recently at a suburban site in Izmir to determine the relative contributions of different atmospheric mechanisms to the pollutant inventory of the Bay water column. Results suggested that the relative contributions of all studied mechanisms to the water column PCB and OCP inventories were significant.

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Section: Air-water Exchangementioning

confidence: 94%

Air–water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) at a coastal site in Izmir Bay, Turkey

et al. 2008

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“…The 1991 and 1994 (w/o urban influence) budgets were updated to be temporally consistent with data from the AEOLOS results for 1994-95, and included new atmospheric deposition estimates (e. g., Hornbuckle et al, 1995;Hoff et al, 1996;Hillery et al, 1998).…”

Section: Pcb Mass Budget In Lake Michigan With and Without The Inflmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of urban areas on the deposition of air toxics to adjacent surface waters: A mass budget of PCBs in Lake Michigan in 1994

et al. 2005

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The impact of urban air toxics on the proximate water bodies was investigated as part of the AEO-LOS Project (Atmospheric Exchange Over Lakes and Oceans). The hypothesis of this project was that emissions of hazardous air pollutants into the coastal urban atmosphere increased atmospheric depositional fluxes to proximate Great Waters. Areas of major field and modeling campaigns were located in southern Lake Michigan near Chicago, IL and northern Chesapeake Bay near Baltimore. The impact on Lake Michigan of PCB emissions from the urban area of Chicago was evaluated through field experiments to determine atmospheric concentrations, surface water concentrations, wet and dry deposition and bi-directional gas exchange. These values were used to construct a PCB mass budget for the Lake Michigan ecosystem, which includes the urban influence. PCB emissions in the Chicago atmosphere lead to dramatically Aquat. Sci. 67 (2005) 79 -85 Aquatic Sciences increased atmospheric concentrations of PCBs off shore and significantly increased wet, dry particle and air-water exchange fluxes in southern Lake Michigan compared to the regional signal. High PCB concentrations occur over the lake only when the wind is from the direction of the urban/industrial complex inclusive of the shoreline from Gary, IN to Evanston, IL toward the lake. Although atmospheric loading of PCBs was much higher in the southern basin of Lake Michigan, water column concentrations have significantly decreased from 1980 to 1994 through the rapid uptake by settling particles, and have continued to decrease at a rate of 0.17 yr -1 . In contrast to earlier PCB mass budgets that missed significant inputs, outputs and/or process terms, inclusion of the urban-influenced air-water exchange processes and a re-evaluation of new lake data effectively closed the PCB budget for Lake Michigan. Atmospheric exchange processes dominated the whole lake budget. The Chicago area, with high industrial density, emits large quantities of hazardous organic pollutants and has important impacts on the down wind coastal atmosphere and proximate surface waters.

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“…The atmosphere serves as an important pathway for global transport of PCBs. Particle deposition (Zannetti, 1990;Noll et al, 1990), gaseous air-water exchange (Hornbuckle et al, , 1995Jeremiason et al, 1994;Zhang et al, 1999) and wet deposition via rain and snow (Franz 1994;Poster and Baker, 1996) are the major atmospheric removal mechanisms for PCBs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Murphy et al (1981) employed filters that were wetted with propane and butanediols as a collection surface. PCBs enter the atmosphere from incinerators, landfills, or soil and air/water exchange (Murphy et al, 1981(Murphy et al, , 1985Hornbuckle et al, 1994Hornbuckle et al, , 1995Jeremiason et al, 1994;Zhang et al, 1999;Franz, 1994;Poster and Baker, 1996;Hsu et al, 2003;Garcia-Alonso and Perez-Pastor, 2003). Since there are some important PCB sources around Chicago, the atmospheric concentrations of PCBs are higher there than many other urban areas (Tasdemir et al, 2004;Green et al, 2000;Simcik et al, 1998;Cotham and Bidleman, 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dry deposition fluxes and velocities of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) associated with particles

Taşdemir

Odabaşı

Vardar

et al. 2004

Atmospheric Environment

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The interest in atmospheric deposition by the scientific community has increased a great deal over the past several years because of its significant contribution to the pollution budget of many natural waters. Dry deposition is an effective removal mechanism for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the atmosphere. This study focuses on the understanding of the particulate dry deposition of PCBs in urban areas. In this paper, 43 chromatographic PCB congener peaks which represent 50 individual or coeluting congeners were evaluated.The PCB dry deposition fluxes were measured using a smooth, greased, knife-edge surrogate surface holding greased Mylar strips in Chicago, IL. The average PCB dry deposition flux measured (190780 ng m À2 day À1 ) was similar to those measured in other urban areas. Ambient air samples were also collected simultaneously with flux samples. The average apparent dry deposition velocity, calculated by dividing the fluxes to the particle phase concentrations was 5.272.9 cm s À1 . This value is in good agreement with the values calculated using similar techniques.

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Assessing Annual Water-Air Fluxes of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Lake Michigan

Cited by 92 publications

References 30 publications

Air–water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) at a coastal site in Izmir Bay, Turkey

Air–water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) at a coastal site in Izmir Bay, Turkey

The impact of urban areas on the deposition of air toxics to adjacent surface waters: A mass budget of PCBs in Lake Michigan in 1994

Dry deposition fluxes and velocities of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) associated with particles

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