Air–water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) at a coastal site in Izmir Bay, Turkey

Abstract

The air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated using paired air-water samples (n = 16) collected in July and February-March, 2005 from Guzelyali Port in Izmir Bay, Turkey. Atmospheric PCBs and OCPs were mainly in gas-phase in both periods. However, their dissolved and particle-phase water concentrations were comparable. For PCBs, 3 and 4-Cl congeners were dominant while chlorpyrifos, endosulfans and HCHs were the most abundant OCPs for all samples. Especially in summer, calculated net gas-exchange PCB fluxes were mainly volatilization from the water ranging from − 0.2 (volatilization, PCB-101) to −30.0 (volatilization, PCB-31) ng m − 2 day − 1 . For OCPs, net flux ranged from −0.03 (volatilization, cis-nonachlor) to 1568 (deposition, endosulfan I) ng m − 2 day − 1 and they have seasonal variations with generally deposition in winter and volatilization in summer. However, endosulfan I, II, endosulfan sulfate, α-and γ-HCH deposited in both periods. The calculated residence times of PCBs and OCPs in the water column indicated that the gasexchange in the Bay is at least as or a more important mechanism than advection. Annual gaseous absorption and volatilization fluxes were calculated and were used along with the estimated dry deposition fluxes and wet deposition fluxes measured recently at a suburban site in Izmir to determine the relative contributions of different atmospheric mechanisms to the pollutant inventory of the Bay water column. Results suggested that the relative contributions of all studied mechanisms to the water column PCB and OCP inventories were significant.

POPs in a major conurbation in Turkey: ambient air concentrations, seasonal variation, inhalation and dermal exposure, and associated carcinogenic risks

“…Compounds were identified based on their retention times and target and qualifier ions, and were quantified using the internal standard calibration procedure. Additional details can be found elsewhere for PCBs, OCPs (Sofuoglu et al 2004;Odabasi et al 2008), and PAHs (Demircioglu et al 2011 Average recoveries (determined from the response ratios from calibration and sample analysis runs) of PCB surrogate standards including filters and PUFs were 97 ± 17 % for PCB-14, 107 ± 18 % for PCB-65, and 93 ± 31 % for PCB-166 (n = 102). The recoveries of target compounds were also determined externally by matrix spike experiments.…”

“…Sample quantities exceeding the MDLs were quantified and blank-corrected by subtracting the mean blank amount from the sample amount. Additional QA/QC information can be found in Sofuoglu et al (2004), Odabasi et al (2008), and Demircioglu et al (2011).…”

Organochlorine pesticides in seawater and the surrounding atmosphere of the marginal seas of China: Spatial distribution, sources and air–water exchange

“…Theoretically, where f a /f w = 1 at air-water equilibrium, f a /f w > 1 indicates net deposition from air to water, and f a /f w b 1 indicates net volatilization from the water. Although H values have been done for salinity and temperature corrections, the overall uncertainty of H value still existed (Bruhn et al, 2003;Odabasi et al, 2008). While it is not possible to obtain an objective measure of this uncertainty, recommended value of 30% for uncertainty might be appropriate, based on the results of previous evaluations, different laboratory artifacts and the uncertainties in the air and water-side mass transfer coefficients (Bruhn et al, 2003;Odabasi et al, 2008).…”

An Assessment of the Spatial Distribution of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Contamination in Turkey

“…Studies on gas and particle phase concentrations of atmospheric PCBs in urban/industrial sites of Bursa suggested that local sources and long range atmospheric transport mainly contributes to PCB pollution in this region with lower chlorinated PCB congeners dominating the samples [58 -61]. Cetin et al [46] and Odabasi et al [57] measured PCB concentrations in the Izmir atmosphere and stated that the observed concentrations were within the range of values reported previously for urban and industrialized areas in the literature. Cetin et al [46] noted that summer concentrations of PCBs were higher than those in winter in the industrial site studied.…”

“…Cetin et al [46] noted that summer concentrations of PCBs were higher than those in winter in the industrial site studied. Similarly, Odabasi et al [57] stated that the net gas exchange PCB fluxes from an urban site, namely Güzelyali Port in Izmir, was mainly volatilization (especially of tri and tetra-chlorobiphenyls) in summer and deposition in winter.…”