A novel cationic metal−organic framework composed of {Cu 2 (COO) 4 } paddle-wheel units and a tetracarboxylic viologen derivative, namely1,1′-bis(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride), has been successfully synthesized and structurally characterized. In Cu-CMOF, the {Cu 2 (COO) 4 } unit and viologen derivative both act as four-connected nodes forming an ssb-type cationic network with 4 2 .8 4 topology, in which the positive charges are distributed on the organic viologen moieties. Deeper insight of the structure indicates that the 3D architecture of Cu-CMOF can be seen as packing of a 26-faceted polyhedral cage and two cuboid cages. Notably, Cu-CMOF displays a highly efficient anion exchange ability for capture and removal of anionic pollutants. UV−vis absorption spectra and digital images demonstrate that Cu-CMOF is capable of adsorbing the dichromate anion and anionic dyes effectively, such as methyl orange (MO − ), Congo red (CR 2− ), and New Coccine (NC 3− ). Meaningfully, anionic dyes (MO − , CR 2− , and NC 3− ) can be efficiently and selectively removed by Cu-CMOF in the presence of cationic dye methylene blue (MLB + ). Such behaviors of anionic pollutant adsorption and dye separation are mainly caused by an ion-exchange process facilitated by the large cavity and decentralized distribution of positive charge in Cu-CMOF.