Asian immigrant tuberculosis—the effect of visiting Asia

McCarthy, O.R.

doi:10.1016/0007-0971(84)90136-0

Cited by 92 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…We suggest that the likelihood of close contact with an infectious case of tuberculosis is the key factor. This is supported by the observation that 20% of tuberculosis cases occurred within 12 months after a visit to the Indian subcontinent 7. Indeed, the ability to afford such a visit may have a confounding effect on the relation between poverty and tuberculosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The epidemiology of tuberculosis differs considerably with ethnicity. Asian people predominantly acquire new infection from infected people in the same community or when visiting the Indian subcontinent,7 but white people generally have reactivation of endogenous latent infection 8. This distinction is reflected in the differences in the age distribution of cases and in the type of disease between ethnic groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecological analysis of ethnic differences in relation between tuberculosis and poverty

et al. 1999

BMJ

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological analysis of ethnic differences in relation between tuberculosis and poverty

et al. 1999

BMJ

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“…The incidence of tuberculosis is highest in the first few years after first entry to the UK 382There is also evidence that subsequent return visits to countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis is a risk factor 8384Screening of new immigrants is recommended as part of a coordinated local control policy 11.…”

Section: Screening Of Immigrantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control and prevention of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: Code of Practice 2000

Joint¹

2000

Thorax

298

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BACKGROUND The guidelines on control and prevention of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom have been reviewed and updated. METHODS A subcommittee was appointed by the Joint Tuberculosis Committee (JTC) of the British Thoracic Society to revise the guidelines published in 1994 by the JTC, including representatives of the Royal College of Nursing, Public Health Medicine Environmental Group, and Medical Society for Study of Venereal Diseases. In preparing the revised guidelines the authors took account of new published evidence and graded the strength of evidence for their recommendations. The guidelines have been approved by the JTC and the Standards of Care Committee of the British Thoracic Society. RECOMMENDATIONS Tuberculosis services in each district should have staffing and resources to fulfil both the control and prevention recommendations in this document and to ensure adequate treatment monitoring. Notification of tuberculosis is required for surveillance and to initiate contact tracing (where appropriate). The following areas are discussed and recommendations made where appropriate: (1) public health law in relation to tuberculosis; (2) the organisational requirements for tuberculosis services; (3) measures for control of tuberculosis in hospitals, including segregation of patients; (4) the requirements for health care worker protection, including HIV infected health care workers; (5) measures for control of tuberculosis in prisons; (6) protection for other groups with potential exposure to tuberculosis; (7) awareness of the high rates of tuberculosis in the homeless together with local plans for detection and action; (8) detailed advice on contact tracing; (9) contact tracing required for close contacts of bovine tuberculosis; (10) management of tuberculosis in schools; (11) screening of new immigrants and how this should be performed; (12) outbreak contingency investigation; and (13) BCG vaccination and the management of positive reactors found in the schools programme.

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“…A potential reason for the failure to identify sources of tuberculous infection in children is that the infection may have been acquired outside of the area in which the child resides, especially if the child travels to areas where there is a relatively high prevalence of tuberculosis. There is little information about the relationship between travel and acquisition of tuberculous infection, but one study found an increased risk of tuberculosis among adult Asians in London who had traveled to high-prevalence countries (2). Other studies, using molecular epidemiologic techniques, have identified tuberculosis strains indigenous to a particular area or country in adults who developed tuberculosis after travel to that area (3)(4)(5)(6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection after Travel to or Contact with Visitors from Countries with a High Prevalence of Tuberculosis

Lobato

Hopewell

1998

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

108

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To assess whether there is increased risk of tuberculous infection in children who traveled to or had a household visitor from a country having a high prevalence of tuberculosis, we conducted a case-control study. Children younger than 6 yr of age who had a tuberculin skin test read at public health clinics in areas of California that have a high prevalence of tuberculosis were enrolled. Of the 953 children who had a skin test read, 72 (7.6%) had a positive reaction. By multiple logistic regression analysis, children who had traveled in the 12 mo before the skin test were 3.9 times more likely to have a positive skin test than were children who had not traveled (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9 to 7.9). Among children born in the United States, those who had traveled were 4.7 times more likely to have a positive skin test (95% CI, 2.0 to 11.2). Children who had a household visitor from a country having a high prevalence of tuberculosis were 2.4 times more likely to have a positive skin test than were those who did not have a visitor (95% CI, 1.0 to 5.5). These data indicate that travel to a country that has a high prevalence of tuberculosis or having a visitor from such countries increase the risk of tuberculous infection among young children. Physicians and tuberculosis control programs should incorporate questions about travel and visitors into their evaluations, and children with a history of extended travel should have a tuberculin skin test.

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Asian immigrant tuberculosis—the effect of visiting Asia

Cited by 92 publications

References 1 publication

Ecological analysis of ethnic differences in relation between tuberculosis and poverty

Ecological analysis of ethnic differences in relation between tuberculosis and poverty

Control and prevention of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: Code of Practice 2000

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection after Travel to or Contact with Visitors from Countries with a High Prevalence of Tuberculosis

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