As Their Numbers Grow, COVID-19 “Long Haulers” Stump Experts

Rubin, Rita

doi:10.1001/jama.2020.17709

Cited by 317 publications

(315 citation statements)

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“…It has become apparent the presence of prolonged symptom duration and disability are very common, especially in the young adult population. They are being referred to as the long haulers of COVID‐19 (Rubin, 2020). Thus, there were complications during treatment and posttreatment and the corresponding linkages, which could add to the body of work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NANDA‐I, NOC, and NIC linkages to SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19): Part 2. Individual response

Swanson

Mantovani

Wagner

et al. 2020

Int J of Nursing Knowl

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PurposeTo provide guidance to nurses caring for individuals with COVID‐19, we developed linkages using interoperable standardized nursing terminologies: NANDA International (NANDA‐I) nursing diagnoses, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). We also identified potential new NANDA‐I nursing diagnoses, NOC outcomes, and NIC interventions for future development related to nurses’ role during a pandemic.MethodsUsing a consensus process, seven nurse experts created the linkages for individuals during the COVID 19 pandemic using the following steps: (a) creating an initial list of potential nursing diagnoses, (b) selecting and categorizing outcomes that aligned with all components of each nursing diagnosis selected, and (c) identifying relevant nursing interventions.FindingsA total of 16 NANDA‐I nursing diagnoses were identified as the foundation for the linkage work, organized in two dimensions, physiological and psychosocial. A total of 171 different NOC outcomes were identified to guide care based on the nursing diagnoses and 96 NIC interventions were identified as suggested interventions. A total of 13 proposed concepts were identified for potential future development across the three classifications.ConclusionsThe linkages of nursing diagnoses, outcomes, and interventions developed in this article provide a guide to enhance nursing practice and determine the effectiveness of nurses’ contribution to patient outcomes for individuals at risk for or infected by COVID‐19.Implications for nursing practiceNANDA‐I, NOC, and NIC linkages identified in this paper are an important example of the value of using standardized nursing terminologies to guide and document nursing care. When included in electronic health record databases and used widely, the data generated from the care plans can be used to create new knowledge about how to better improve outcomes for patients with COVID‐19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NANDA‐I, NOC, and NIC linkages to SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19): Part 2. Individual response

Swanson

Mantovani

Wagner

et al. 2020

Int J of Nursing Knowl

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“…This is of great concern to the medical community. The large number of such cases becomes apparent when looking at the size of groups such as the so called “ COVID long haulers ” on social media, the members of such groups often number thousands[ 1 ]. Several small studies have followed up on recovered COVID-19 cases, particularly on severe cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 sequelae in adults aged less than 50 years: A systematic review

Willi

Lüthold

Hunt

et al. 2021

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

133

115

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Background There is emerging evidence of long-term sequelae in a considerable proportion of COVID-19 patients after recovery and the spectrum and severity of such sequelae should be systematically reviewed. This review aims to evaluate the available evidence of all intermediate and long-term COVID-19 sequelae affecting formerly healthy adults. Methods A systematic literature search of Embase, WHO, Scopus, Pubmed, Litcovid, bioRxiv and medRxiv was conducted with a cutoff date of the 17th September 2020 according to PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020208725). Search terms included “COVID-19”, “coronavirus disease 2019”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “sequelae” and “consequence*”. Publications on adult participants, with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Elderly (>50 years old) and children (<18 years old) were excluded. Bias assessment was performed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results A total of 31 papers were included. Study types included prospective and retrospective cohort studies, cross-sectional studies and case reports. Sequelae persistence since infection spanned 14 days to three months. Sequelae included persistent fatigue (39-73% of assessed persons), breathlessness (39-74%), decrease in quality of life (44-69%), impaired pulmonary function, abnormal CT findings including pulmonary fibrosis (39-83%), evidence of peri-/perimyo-/myocarditis (3-26%), changes in microstructural and functional brain integrity with persistent neurological symptoms (55%), increased incidence of psychiatric diagnoses (5.8% versus 2.5-3.4% in controls), incomplete recovery of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction (33-36% of evaluated persons). Conclusions A variety of organ systems are affected by COVID-19 in the intermediate and longer-term after recovery. Main sequelae include post-infectious fatigue, persistent reduced lung function and carditis. Careful follow-up post COVID 19 is indicated to assess and mitigate possible organ damage and preserve life quality.

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“…These cases are probably reflecting combined problems with false negative test results and prolonged virus excretion, frequently observed in COVID‐19 patients. It is unlikely that ‘long COVID‐19’ patients experiencing symptoms weeks and months after the initial infection are cases of recurrence ( Rubin, 2020 ).…”

Section: Recurrencementioning

confidence: 99%

Immunology of COVID‐19

Brüssow

2020

Environmental Microbiology

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The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 reveals a delicate balance between protective effects and harmful pathological reactions and can possibly explain the highly variable disease manifestations in subjects infected with this novel coronavirus. A better understanding of the anti-viral immune response is not only critical for vaccine development but might also provide targets for pharmaceutical and immunological treatment options. Recent research literature on immune aspects of COVID-19 is summarized in this review with an outlook how bats have evolved to live with these viral infections.

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As Their Numbers Grow, COVID-19 “Long Haulers” Stump Experts

Cited by 317 publications

References 0 publications

NANDA‐I, NOC, and NIC linkages to SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19): Part 2. Individual response

NANDA‐I, NOC, and NIC linkages to SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19): Part 2. Individual response

COVID-19 sequelae in adults aged less than 50 years: A systematic review

Immunology of COVID‐19

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