Artist paints—an overview and preliminary studies of durability

Jones, Frank N.; Mao, Wen-Jing; Ziemer, Paul; Xiao, Fei; Hayes, J. D.; Golden, Mark

doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2004.03.008

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In the synthesis we prefer to use 2,2¢-azobis [2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) propane] as a ''chaser'' to consume unreacted monomers at the end of the polymerization rather than the more conventional tert-butyl hydroperoxide. In a previous study, 16 we found that the azo chaser was associated with a much lower rate of hydroperoxide build up during QUV-A exposure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…16 Polymerization was performed under a nitrogen atmosphere in a 5-L, 4-neck flask (''kettle'') equipped with a mechanical stirrer (fitted with a 125 mm crescent Teflon blade), a temperature control system, an inlet for a monomer emulsion fed by an FMI peristaltic pump, an inlet for an initiator solution stream fed by a syringe pump, and a reflux condenser. The temperature control system was a thermometer immersed in the reaction mixture electronically linked to a heating mantle and a pneumatic jack.…”

Section: Latex Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of the effect of precoalescence or postcoalescence crosslinking on film formation, properties, and latex morphology

et al. 2008

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Latexes have many product applications including functioning as a binder in coatings. For many years, coatings researchers in industry as well as in academe have been exploring various modes of crosslinking latexes. Quite often, the goal of preparing crosslinked latexes is to upgrade film properties relative to the film properties of uncrosslinked latexes. In the present report, the synthesis and properties of crosslinkable acrylic latexes prepared with either an internal crosslinker (1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate)-''precoalescence crosslinking''-or an external crosslinker (adipic dihydrazide)-''postcoalescence crosslinking''-at various levels of crosslinking were studied. For postcoalescence crosslinking, diacetone acrylamide was copolymerized into the latex to provide sites for subsequent reaction with adipic dihydrazide. Fundamental properties of films cast from the two types of latexes were systematically compared. These properties included gel content, dynamic mechanical properties, nano-indenter hardness and modulus, stress-strain properties as well as the characterization of latex morphology by atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, some specific end-use properties were determined. This study assesses the effect of type (precoalescence or postcoalescence) and level of crosslinking on the film formation process and the resulting fundamental and end-use properties as well as resulting latex film morphology.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Latex Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the effect of precoalescence or postcoalescence crosslinking on film formation, properties, and latex morphology

et al. 2008

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“…Py-GC-MS and Py-silylation-GC-MS with HMDS were performed with a temperature of pyrolysis of 700 • C, for 10 s, using a precalibrated Pt coil-type pyrolyser (CDS Pyroprobe) [12]. The pyrolyser interface and the inlet were set at 250 • C. Samples were injected in split mode (split ratio 1:40).…”

Section: Py-gc-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, commercial products can include monomeric resins of n-or isobutyl methacrylate (n/iso-BMA), or polymers comprising acrylic and other monomers such as styrene (Sty) [3,12,37,39].…”

Section: Analysis Of Acrylic Dispersion and Paintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of additives of PVAc and acrylic waterborne dispersions and paints by analytical pyrolysis–GC–MS and pyrolysis–silylation–GC–MS

Silva

Doménech‐Carbó

Osete-Cortina

2015

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

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a b s t r a c tCommercial formulations of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and acrylic dispersions and paints commonly used by artists include a number of additives such as surfactants, coalescing agents, defoamers and thickeners, which are designed for improving shelf-life, as well as chemical and physical properties of the resulting product. Recent studies have shown that additives present in paints play an important role in the alteration processes undergone by the painting during ageing and further in cleaning tasks planed in conservation interventions. However, the identification of additives is a difficult task due to the elusive character of these substances present at low concentration in the paint.In this context, a four-step approach is proposed that includes analysis of paint samples together with analysis of their water extracted products by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and pyrolysis-silylation-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-silylation-GC-MS). This analytical strategy enables a better characterization of common additives present in commercial PVAc and acrylic paints and dispersions. In particular, the analysis of water soluble extracts, which are mainly composed by paint additives, avoids the interference of the major polymer pyrolizates. Experimental conditions concerning sample preparation and instrumental working conditions of both Py-GC techniques are optimized.Both acrylic and PVAc paints presented poly(ethylene oxide) (POE) type fragments dominating the background of their pyrograms, especially when derivatized by means of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). For the first time, additives such as alkyl sulfate and alkyl ether sulfate with C 10 and C 12 alkyl chains, poly(ethoxylate) fatty alcohol and octylphenyl poly(ethoxylate) surfactants were identified, as well as polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) protective colloids, hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethane (HEUR) thickeners an defoamers. Their major fragments and corresponding mass spectra are discussed.

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“…A detailed description of a closely similar emulsion polymerization procedure will be published. 23 Particle diameters of latexes LA and LB were measured by laser light scattering using a Microtrac VPA ® particle size analyzer; each were 134 nm. Latex films were cast on aluminum panels and baked for one hour at 50°C.…”

Section: Materials Testedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods for studying the mechanical and tribological properties of hard and soft coatings with a nano-indenter

Shen

Sun

Liu

et al. 2004

J Coat. Technol. Res.

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This study illustrates the capabilities of a nanoindentation/nanoscratch tester to assess mechanical and tribological properties of coating films. Properties such as hardness, elastic modulus, mar and scratch resistance, and critical force for cracking can be accurately measured. Operation of the Nano-Indenter is described in detail. A scanning probe microscope (SPM) is shown to be a valuable supplement to the Nano-Indenter. Well-characterized thermoset acrylic clearcoats and thermoplastic latex films were studied. For the first time, operating parameters are described for measurement of relatively soft coatings, such as films cast from a latex with a glass transition temperature (T g ) of 8°C. Thus, the method is made available for study of most types of coatings. The method can easily discriminate between coatings with different T g s and crosslink densities. Once operating parameters are established, it takes about 10 minutes for an indentation test and 10 minutes for a scratch test with the Nano-Indenter, and with further automation this time could be reduced. Each indentation test accurately measures hardness and elastic modulus as a function of depth within the coating, and each scratch test provides additional insight into the material's behavior. The method is sensitive to small changes in polymer composition and formulation, and results are highly reproducible.

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Artist paints—an overview and preliminary studies of durability

Cited by 31 publications

References 11 publications

Investigation of the effect of precoalescence or postcoalescence crosslinking on film formation, properties, and latex morphology

Investigation of the effect of precoalescence or postcoalescence crosslinking on film formation, properties, and latex morphology

Characterization of additives of PVAc and acrylic waterborne dispersions and paints by analytical pyrolysis–GC–MS and pyrolysis–silylation–GC–MS

Methods for studying the mechanical and tribological properties of hard and soft coatings with a nano-indenter

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