Artificial Morality. Concepts, Issues and Challenges

Misselhorn, Catrin

doi:10.1007/s12115-018-0229-y

Cited by 47 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The variance in used keywords for one topic such as "Autonomous vehicle", "Driverless cars", "Self-driving cars" can be seen also as example of the immaturity of shared terms and undisclosed discussion what terms should be used in specific context. [31,36] Artificial morality 2 [22,58] Autonomous agents 2 [22,71] Autonomous vehicle 2 [72,73] Driverless cars 2 [74,75] friendly AI 2 [29,68] Human rights 2 [20,36] human-robot interaction 2 [54,56] Information technology 2 [76,77] Machine Intelligence 2 [19,76] Moral status 2 [31,70] [30,57] Virtue ethics 2 [46,52] The 37 re-occurring keywords where classified into 9 categories as shown in Table V. Classification of keywords was formed following four step process: 1) Linguistic similarity of keywords, for example similarity in spelling.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Key Concepts of Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

Vakkuri

Abrahamsson

2018

2018 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC)

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The growing influence and decision-making capacities of Autonomous systems and Artificial Intelligence in our lives force us to consider the values embedded in these systems. But how ethics should be implemented into these systems? In this study, the solution is seen on philosophical conceptualization as a framework to form practical implementation model for ethics of AI. To take the first steps on conceptualization main concepts used on the field needs to be identified. A keyword based Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) on the keywords used in AI and ethics was conducted to help in identifying, defying and comparing main concepts used in current AI ethics discourse. Out of 1062 papers retrieved SMS discovered 37 re-occurring keywords in 83 academic papers. We suggest that the focus on finding keywords is the first step in guiding and providing direction for future research in the AI ethics field.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Key Concepts of Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

Vakkuri

Abrahamsson

2018

2018 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC)

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“…They are, it seems to us, at the core of many moral tensions that are visible and audible during public deliberations and in scholarly circles touching upon digital economy, culture and social life, the future of the works as well as the place and role of human beings on this planet (Vallor, 2017;Mittelstadt, 2019;Green, 2019). This essay will depart also from a current tendency in contemporary scholarship and public conversation to overemphasize the moral agency (i.e., moral agent vs. moral patient duopoly) at the expense of the theme of moral sensitivity and attention to everyday behavior (Brundage, 2014;Bogosian, 2017;Misselhorn, 2018;Herzog, 2019). Matters of moral reflection are often reduced to a practical problem-solving and decision-making with the unfortunate emphasis on the application of understandable and universal rules, norms or principles to particular cases (Hoyos-Valdés, 2018;Abend, 2019;Moulin-Stożek, 2019;Abbott, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

On Algorithmic Opacity and Moral Certainty

Litvinski¹

2020

Preprint

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In modern society, algorithms play an important role in social and cultural realms, in political and economic spheres. In spite of algorithmic pervasiveness in many areas and wide diffusion in digital life, algorithmic opacity is still poorly understood compared to other ethical issues (e.g., fairness, accountability, and transparency). In this essay, we try to elucidate the relation between algorithmic opacity and moral certainty from the individualistic standpoint and through the virtue ethic perspective. For doing so, we follow hermeneutic tradition and rely on interpretation of recent authors and impactful papers. We summarize our argument as follows: if the algorithm is understood as the combination of rules and numbers we create for simplifying our lives and sharing with others, then our present activities and future actions as imagined, realized or missed, ascertain if algorithmic opacity become a moral issue or problem for us and others. Among the implications, we emphasize that sometime dormant and hard to anticipate, algorithmic opacity becomes an apparent during executions, deployments and prolonged uses of algorithmic systems. Moreover, our lived experience and disharmony between our unrealized expectations and unanticipated algorithmic behavior may lead to moral issues and problems for us and others. Overall, algorithmic opacity may constantly evade the formalization efforts (e.g., outlining as guidelines, principles) or quantification exercises (e.g., assigning numerical values to symbols or signs), both of which are essentially social practices.

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“…In other words, how does a machine moralize? Ethics has to be operationalized so that an AMA is able to recognize a moral situation, weigh up possible moral actions, make moral judgments, and execute them [48].…”

Section: About Design Of Amasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives about artificial moral agents

et al. 2021

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The pursuit of AMAs is complicated. Disputes about the development, design, moral agency, and future projections for these systems have been reported in the literature. This empirical study explores these controversial matters by surveying (AI) Ethics scholars with the aim of establishing a more coherent and informed debate. Using Q-methodology, we show the wide breadth of viewpoints and approaches to artificial morality. Five main perspectives about AMAs emerged from our data and were subsequently interpreted and discussed: (i) Machine Ethics: The Way Forward; (ii) Ethical Verification: Safe and Sufficient; (iii) Morally Uncertain Machines: Human Values to Avoid Moral Dystopia; (iv) Human Exceptionalism: Machines Cannot Moralize; and (v) Machine Objectivism: Machines as Superior Moral Agents. A potential source of these differing perspectives is the failure of Machine Ethics to be widely observed or explored as an applied ethic and more than a futuristic end. Our study helps improve the foundations for an informed debate about AMAs, where contrasting views and agreements are disclosed and appreciated. Such debate is crucial to realize an interdisciplinary approach to artificial morality, which allows us to gain insights into morality while also engaging practitioners.

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Artificial Morality. Concepts, Issues and Challenges

Cited by 47 publications

References 15 publications

The Key Concepts of Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

The Key Concepts of Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

On Algorithmic Opacity and Moral Certainty

Perspectives about artificial moral agents

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