The interaction of a number of first-row
transition-metal ions with a 2,2′-bipyridyl alanine (bpyA)
unit incorporated into the lactococcal multidrug resistance regulator
(LmrR) scaffold is reported. The composition of the active site is
shown to influence binding affinities. In the case of Fe(II), we demonstrate
the need of additional ligating residues, in particular those containing
carboxylate groups, in the vicinity of the binding site. Moreover,
stabilization of di-tert-butylsemiquinone radical
(DTB-SQ) in water was achieved by binding to the designed
metalloproteins, which resulted in the radical being shielded from
the aqueous environment. This allowed the first characterization of
the radical semiquinone in water by resonance Raman spectroscopy.