Artificial light impacts the physical and nutritional quality of lettuce plants

Camejo, Daymi; Frutos, Antonio E.; Mestre, Teresa C.; Piñero, María del Carmen; Martı́nez, Vicente

doi:10.1007/s13580-019-00191-z

Cited by 49 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Furthermore, lettuce leaves are usually consumed raw, which makes the delivery of natural antioxidants to humans more effective than processed vegetables. Recent studies have presented the positive effects of nitrogen supply [ 13 ], variety [ 14 ], nutritional stress [ 15 ], and light [ 16 ] on the phenolic accumulation in lettuce. However, to the best of our knowledge, little is known about the changes in the phenolic profile of lettuce under normal and salinity conditions, eventually combined with exogenously applied phenolics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Combination of Mild Salinity Conditions and Exogenously Applied Phenolics Modulates Functional Traits in Lettuce

Zhang

Martinelli

Senizza

et al. 2021

Plants

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The quest for sustainable strategies aimed at increasing the bioactive properties of plant-based foods has grown quickly. In this work, we investigated the impact of exogenously applied phenolics, i.e., chlorogenic acid (CGA), hesperidin (HES), and their combinations (HES + CGA), on Lactuca sativa L. grown under normal- and mild-salinity conditions. To this aim, the phenolic profile, antioxidant properties, and enzyme inhibitory activity were determined. The untargeted metabolomics profiling revealed that lettuce treated with CGA under non-stressed conditions exhibited the highest total phenolic content (35.98 mg Eq./g). Lettuce samples grown under salt stress showed lower phenolic contents, except for lettuce treated with HES or HES + CGA, when comparing the same treatment between the two conditions. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity was investigated through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,20-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays, coupled with metal-chelating activity and phosphomolybdenum capacity. An exciting increase in radical scavenging capacity was observed in lettuce treated with exogenous phenolics, in both stress and non-stress conditions. The inhibitory activity of the samples was evaluated against target health-related enzymes, namely cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase; AChE; butyryl cholinesterase; BChE), tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. Lettuce treated with HES + CGA under non-stress conditions exhibited the strongest inhibition against AChE and BChE, while the same treatment under salinity conditions resulted in the highest inhibition capacity against α-amylase. Additionally, CGA under non-stress conditions exhibited the best inhibitory effect against tyrosinase. All the functional traits investigated were significantly modulated by exogenous phenolics, salinity, and their combination. In more detail, flavonoids, lignans, and stilbenes were the most affected phenolics, whereas glycosidase enzymes and tyrosinase activity were the most affected among enzyme assays. In conclusion, the exogenous application of phenolics to lettuce represents an effective and green strategy to effectively modulate the phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibitory effects in lettuce, deserving future application to produce functional plant-based foods in a sustainable way.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Combination of Mild Salinity Conditions and Exogenously Applied Phenolics Modulates Functional Traits in Lettuce

Zhang

Martinelli

Senizza

et al. 2021

Plants

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“…Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most popular leafy vegetables; grown around the world [1], it is considered to be a healthy source of minerals, fiber, vitamins, and antioxidant compounds [2,3]. Several epidemiological studies have shown that consumption of leafy vegetables such as lettuce is important for reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to Salt Stress in Lettuce: Changes in Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters, Phytochemical Contents, and Antioxidant Activities

Shin

Bhandari

et al. 2020

Agronomy

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Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), growth parameters, phytochemical contents [proline, chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC)], and antioxidant activities were investigated in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings grown under different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mM) in a controlled environment for eight days. The parameters were evaluated at two days intervals. Almost of the CF and growth parameters as well as phytochemicals were significantly affected by both NaCl concentrations and progressive treatment schedule. The maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in PSII [Y(PSII)], coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP), coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN), and ratio of fluorescence decline (Rfd) showed decrements only at the highest saline concentration (400 mM), whereas the quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII [Y(NO)] exhibited a dissipation trend. All the growth parameters decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations, showing the highest decrease (~8 fold) in shoot fresh weight, compared to control seedlings. Proline significantly increased with increasing NaCl concentration and treatment time. Other phytochemicals decreased with the increase in NaCl concentration and reached their lowest at 400 mM. Overall, the results showed major changes in all parameters when the seedlings were grown at a NaCl concentration of 400 mM. The present findings will be useful for understanding the differential effect of NaCl concentrations in lettuce seedlings, and also might be useful to optimize the NaCl concentrations in other crops grown in controlled environmental conditions.

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“…The approach could also be used to model ‘customized’ leaf colors [ 49 ] in environments where both leaf surfaces are not observable. For example, when the abaxial color of prostrate leaves cannot be seen on plants grown in controlled-environment agriculture (indoor farms), but knowing that color is important to the industry, concentrations of pigments for a particular cultivar could be modeled [ 10 ] from nutrition [ 50 ], temperature [ 19 ], light [ 51 , 52 ] and other environmental data, while the adaxial color of leaves can be measured with overhead sensors. CMQ coordinates (calculated from modeled concentrations of pigments using formulas provided in this study) can then be applied, together with adaxial color data, to estimate abaxial leaf color.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Modeling of a Leaf Conceptual Midpoint Quasi-Color (CMQ) Using an Artificial Neural Network

Šimko

2020

Sensors

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The color of plant leaves is moderated by the content of pigments, which can show considerable dorsiventral distribution. Two typical examples are leafy vegetables and ornamentals, wherein red and green color surfaces can be seen on the same leaf. The proof of concept is provided for predictive modeling of a leaf conceptual mid-point quasi-color (CMQ) from the content of pigments. The CMQ idea is based on the hypothesis that the content of pigments in leaves is associated with the combined color from both surfaces. The CMQ, which is calculated from CIELab color coordinates at adaxial and abaxial antipodes, is thus not an actual color, but a notion that can be used in modeling. The CMQ coordinates, predicted from the content of chlorophylls and anthocyanins by means of an artificial neural network (ANN), matched well with the CMQ coordinates empirically found on photosynthetically active leaves of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), but also with other plant species with comparable leaf attributes. Modeled values of lightness (qL*) decreased with the increasing content of both pigments, while the redness or greenness (qa*) and yellowness or blueness (qb*) of the CMQ were affected more by a relative content of chlorophylls and anthocyanins in leaves. The highest vividness of quasi-colors (qC*) was modeled for leaves with a high content of either pigment alone. The model predicted a substantially duller quasi-color for leaves with chlorophylls and anthocyanins present together, particularly when both pigments were present at very high levels.

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Artificial light impacts the physical and nutritional quality of lettuce plants

Cited by 49 publications

References 64 publications

The Combination of Mild Salinity Conditions and Exogenously Applied Phenolics Modulates Functional Traits in Lettuce

The Combination of Mild Salinity Conditions and Exogenously Applied Phenolics Modulates Functional Traits in Lettuce

Response to Salt Stress in Lettuce: Changes in Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters, Phytochemical Contents, and Antioxidant Activities

Predictive Modeling of a Leaf Conceptual Midpoint Quasi-Color (CMQ) Using an Artificial Neural Network

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