Arthropods as Vectors and Reservoirs of Animal Pathogenic Viruses

Reeves, William C.

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-7885-0_5

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…However, the contribution of Cx. gelidus to arbovirus transmission cycles in Australia will also depend on other factors, including temporal abundance, host feeding patterns and geographical distribution (Reeves 1957). In some locations, Cx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vector competence of Australian Culex gelidus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) for endemic and exotic arboviruses

Johnson

Hall‐Mendelin

Whelan

et al. 2009

Australian Journal of Entomology

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The recent recognition of established populations of the mosquito, Culex gelidus Theobald, in Australia has raised concerns about local transmission of arboviruses. The vector competence of a mainland population of Cx. gelidus was investigated for two local alphaviruses, Ross River (RRV) and Barmah Forest (BFV) viruses, and three flaviviruses, Japanese encephalitis (JEV), Kunjin (KUNV) and Murray Valley encephalitis (MVEV) viruses. Colonised mosquitoes were exposed to virus via blood-soaked pledgets and transmission was tested using a capillary-tube method. The important Australian vectors, Aedes vigilax (Skuse) and Culex annulirostris Skuse, were used as internal controls for the alphaviruses and flaviviruses, respectively. Overall, Cx. gelidus was a more efficient vector of flaviviruses than alphaviruses. Culex gelidus was refractory to infection with BFV, and nearly 25% transmitted RRV, which was comparable to Ae. vigilax. Culex gelidus was susceptible to all three flaviviruses, with transmission rates of 96%, 95% and 41% for JEV, KUNV and MVEV, respectively. JEV transmission rates in Cx. annulirostris were unexpectedly low and this was possibly due to differences in susceptibility to JEV genotypes I and II. Considering the high susceptibility to the flaviviruses demonstrated here, and the natural infections with RRV and JEV that have been detected from northern Australian populations, the establishment of the exotic mosquito, Cx. gelidus, in Australia is potentially a significant public health concern.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vector competence of Australian Culex gelidus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) for endemic and exotic arboviruses

Johnson

Hall‐Mendelin

Whelan

et al. 2009

Australian Journal of Entomology

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“…quinquefasciatus to become infected with and to transmit RVFV. In order to incriminate a particular mosquito species as a vector of a virus, not only does the virus have to be detected in field-collected specimens, but studies also need to be conducted to determine if that mosquito species can actually be infected with and can transmit that virus by bite (Reeves 1957). Rift Valley fever virus has been isolated on numerous occasions from a variety of Anopheles species (Meegan and Bailey 1988); however, virtually all laboratory vector competence studies, including those conducted with species found infected in nature, indicate that although these species can become infected after ingestion of a viremic blood meal, they are essentially unable to transmit RVFV by bite (Gargan et al 1988, Turell and Bailey 1987, Turell et al 1996.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

VECTOR COMPETENCE OF KENYAN CULEX ZOMBAENSIS AND CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS MOSQUITOES FOR RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS¹

Turell

Lee

Richardson

et al. 2007

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association

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Rift Valley fever (RVF) continues to be a significant problem in Kenya as well as in Egypt, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. In order to determine the ability of Kenyan mosquitoes to transmit RVF virus (RVFV), we collected mosquitoes in the Lake Naivasha region of Kenya and evaluated them for their potential to transmit RVFV under laboratory conditions. After feeding on a hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) with a viremia of 10(9.7) plaque-forming units of virus/ml of blood, Culex zombaensis were highly susceptible to infection with RVFV, with 89% becoming infected. In contrast, Cx. quinquefasciatus that were fed on the same hamsters were marginally susceptible, with only 20% becoming infected. Differences in percentages of mosquitoes that developed a disseminated infection were equally disparate, with 55% and 8%, for Cx. zombaensis and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. Forty-eight percent of the Cx. zombaensis with a disseminated infection that fed on a susceptible hamster transmitted virus by bite, indicating a moderate salivary gland barrier. However, the presence of a salivary gland barrier could not be determined for Cx. quinquefasciatus because none of the 18 mosquitoes that took a 2nd blood meal had a disseminated infection. These studies illustrate the need to identify the ability of individual mosquito species to transmit RVFV so that correct decisions can be made concerning the application of appropriate control measures during an outbreak.

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“…However, to incriminate any of these species as vectors of WNV, several criteria must be met (Reeves 1957). These include repeated detection of virus from Þeld-collected individuals of species, demonstration of the ability of the species to become infected and transmit the virus in the laboratory (i.e., vector competence), and an association in nature between the arthropod and naturally infected vertebrate hosts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

Turell

Dohm

Sardelis³

et al. 2005

J Med Entomol

526

358

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Since Þrst discovered in the New York City area in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has become established over much of the continental United States and has been responsible for Ͼ10,000 cases of severe disease and 400 human fatalities, as well as thousands of fatal infections in horses. To develop appropriate surveillance and control strategies, the identiÞcation of which mosquito species are competent vectors and how various factors inßuence their ability to transmit this virus must be determined. Therefore, we evaluated numerous mosquito species for their ability to transmit WNV under laboratory conditions. This report contains data for several mosquito species not reported previously, as well as a summary of transmission data compiled from previously reported studies. Mosquitoes were allowed to feed on chickens infected with WNV isolated from a crow that died during the 1999 outbreak in New York City. These mosquitoes were tested Ϸ2 wk later to determine infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. All Culex species tested were competent vectors in the laboratory and varied from highly efÞcient vectors (e.g., Culex tarsalis Coquillett) to moderately efÞcient ones (e.g., Culex nigripalpus Theobald). Nearly all of the Culex species tested could serve as efÞcient enzootic or amplifying vectors for WNV. Several container-breeding Aedes and Ochlerotatus species were highly efÞcient vectors under laboratory conditions, but because of their feeding preferences, would probably not be involved in the maintenance of WNV in nature. However, they would be potential bridge vectors between the avianÐCulex cycle and mammalian hosts. In contrast, most of the surface pool-breeding Aedes and Ochlerotatus species tested were relatively inefÞcient vectors under laboratory conditions and would probably not play a signiÞcant role in transmitting WNV in nature. In determining the potential for a mosquito species to become involved in transmitting WNV, it is necessary to consider not only its laboratory vector competence but also its abundance, host-feeding preference, involvement with other viruses with similar transmission cycles, and whether WNV has been isolated from this species under natural conditions.

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Arthropods as Vectors and Reservoirs of Animal Pathogenic Viruses

Cited by 14 publications

References 92 publications

Vector competence of Australian Culex gelidus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) for endemic and exotic arboviruses

Vector competence of Australian Culex gelidus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) for endemic and exotic arboviruses

VECTOR COMPETENCE OF KENYAN CULEX ZOMBAENSIS AND CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS MOSQUITOES FOR RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS¹

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

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Arthropods as Vectors and Reservoirs of Animal Pathogenic Viruses

Cited by 14 publications

References 92 publications

Vector competence of Australian Culex gelidus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) for endemic and exotic arboviruses

Vector competence of Australian Culex gelidus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) for endemic and exotic arboviruses

VECTOR COMPETENCE OF KENYAN CULEX ZOMBAENSIS AND CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS MOSQUITOES FOR RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS1

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

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VECTOR COMPETENCE OF KENYAN CULEX ZOMBAENSIS AND CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS MOSQUITOES FOR RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS¹