Arthropods and skin diseases

Zhu, Y. Isabel; Stiller, Matthew J.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01471.x

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…3). This pattern of skin reaction latency corresponds well to: (a) that observed for other insect allergens (Zhu & Stiller, 2002; Thomas et al , 2004; Bircher, 2005; Lehane, 2005); (b) the few published cases of decreases in latency from several days to an immediate response after controlled repeated exposure (Kemper, 1929; Usinger, 1966), as well as (c) anecdotal clinical and case reports of latency spanning periods of a few minutes up to 9 days in C. lectularius (Hase, 1917, 1929; Kemper, 1929; Hecht, 1930; Bartley & Harlan, 1974; Ryckman, 1985; Sansom et al , 1992; Stucki & Ludwig, 2008) and six other cimicid species (Hase, 1929; Usinger, 1966; Overal & Wingate, 1976). One person was insensitive to repeated bites by two cimicid species (Wendt, 1939, 1941).…”

Section: Proportion Of People Showing Skin Reactions (Pruritis Oedemsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…The volunteers in this study were students, staff and collaborators of the University of Sheffield, the authors themselves, and their relatives and friends (aged 15–64 years, median age 23 years). All volunteers were aware of the entire range of known clinical reactions (Ryckman & Bentley, 1979; Zhu & Stiller, 2002; Thomas et al , 2004) (Fig. 1) and gave informed consent to their participation in the feeding protocol (see ethical note).…”

Section: Proportion Of People Showing Skin Reactions (Pruritis Oedemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitivity to bites by the bedbug, Cimex lectularius

Reinhardt

Kempke

Naylor

et al. 2009

Medical Vet Entomology

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Bedbugs are a public health problem and can cause significant economic losses, but little is known about the effects of bites on humans. We reviewed case reports and published papers on bedbug bites to assess the empirical basis of the commonly cited figure that only approximately 80% of the population are sensitive to bedbug bites. We found the sensitivity estimate to be based on only one study carried out 80 years ago. However, this study did not account for the now well-established fact that only repeated exposure to external allergens leads to skin reactions. In our sample, 18 of 19 persons showed a skin reaction after bedbug exposure, but in most cases only after repeated controlled exposure. With repeated exposure, the latency between bite and skin reactions decreased from approximately 10 days to a few seconds. Our results are relevant for the hospitality industry, where apparently increasing infestation rates are likely to lead to an increase in the number of tourists and hotel employees exposed to bedbugs. Medical and public health professionals may expect to see an increase in the prevalence of people with bedbug bite sensitivity. The significance of the delayed reaction time of skin to bites may also have implications in litigation cases where people seek compensation.

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Section: Proportion Of People Showing Skin Reactions (Pruritis Oedemsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Proportion Of People Showing Skin Reactions (Pruritis Oedemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity to bites by the bedbug, Cimex lectularius

Reinhardt

Kempke

Naylor

et al. 2009

Medical Vet Entomology

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“…A number of authors have stated that the bites appear in groups of three, colloquially referred to as "breakfast, lunch, and dinner" (67,73,78,143,175,289,326). To date, the distribution of bites on patients has not been quantified or analyzed.…”

Section: Bed Bug Bite Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bed Bugs: Clinical Relevance and Control Options

et al. 2012

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SUMMARY Since the late 1990s, bed bugs of the species Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus have undergone a worldwide resurgence. These bed bugs are blood-sucking insects that readily bite humans. Cutaneous reactions may occur and can start out as small macular lesions that can develop into distinctive wheals of around 5 cm in diameter, which are accompanied by intense itching. Occasionally, bullous eruptions may result. If bed bugs are numerous, the patient can present with widespread urticaria or eythematous rashes. Often, bites occur in lines along the limbs. Over 40 pathogens have been detected in bed bugs, but there is no definitive evidence that they transmit any disease-causing organisms to humans. Anemia may result when bed bugs are numerous, and their allergens can trigger asthmatic reactions. The misuse of chemicals and other technologies for controlling bed bugs has the potential to have a deleterious impact on human health, while the insect itself can be the cause of significant psychological trauma. The control of bed bugs is challenging and should encompass a multidisciplinary approach utilizing nonchemical means of control and the judicious use of insecticides. For accommodation providers, risk management procedures should be implemented to reduce the potential of bed bug infestations.

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“…Various cutaneous lesions (maculae, urticae, papules, vesicles, pustules, bullae, nodules, erosions and excoriations) could be observed in response to insect bites 3,4 . As these reactions are not highly specific for a particular arthropod and vary from one person to another, 5 the distinction from other cutaneous diseases might be difficult based on clinical grounds alone. Hence, a histologic examination may be of diagnostic help.…”

Section: Histopathologic Findings In Arthopod Bite Reactions Retrievementioning

confidence: 99%