Arterial Stiffness Assessment by Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: Is It a Useful Tool in Clinical Practice?

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is not a single disease but a cluster of metabolic disorders associated with increased risk for development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Currently, the definition of MS published in 2009 is widely used, but there are more versions of the diagnostic criteria, making it difficult to conduct scientific discourse in this area. Increased arterial stiffness (AS) can predict the development of cardiovascular disease both in the general population and in patients with MS. Pulse wave velocity (PWV), as a standard method to assess AS, may point out subclinical organ damage in patients with hypertension. The decrease in PWV level during antihypertensive therapy can identify a group of patients with better outcomes independently of their reduction in blood pressure. The adverse effect of metabolic disturbances on arterial function can be offset by an adequate program of exercises, which includes mainly aerobic physical training. Non-insulin-based insulin resistance index can predict AS due to a strong positive correlation with PWV. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the review of the literature concerning the relationship between MS and its components, and AS assessed by PWV, including clinical usefulness of PWV measurement in patients with MS and its components.

Sex Difference in Cutoff and Prevalence of Sarcopenia among 300,090 Urban Korean Population: Association with Metabolic Syndrome

“…A strong association between metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress has been found [ 31 ]. Enhanced oxidative stress is closely related to increased body mass index, blood pressure, and triglycerides [ 32 , 33 ]. Moreover, ‘obesity and insulin resistance’ are the components of metabolic syndrome, which are most strongly associated with metabolic syndrome [ 34 ].…”

“…Systemic oxidative stress plays a major role in resulting insulin resistance and hyperglycemia [ 31 ]. Furthermore, an elevation of carotid arterial stiffness and a risk of cardiovascular disease are closely associated with metabolic syndrome through a pathway of oxidative stress [ 33 , 35 ]. Because oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases are known to be elevated in sarcopenia [ 36 , 37 ], metabolic syndrome under the condition of sarcopenia should be investigated.…”

Association of Sleep Duration and Self-Reported Insomnia Symptoms with Metabolic Syndrome Components among Middle-Aged and Older Adults

“…In China, the prevalence of MetS among the age-standardized group was reported as 17.8% in females and 9.8% in males [ 9 , 10 ]. A previous study indicated that MetS is linked to the developing of T2DM and its complications [ 11 ]. In addition, a recent survey indicated that the prevalence of MetS in the T2DM groups was 73.5% in males and 75.4% in females [ 12 ].Therefore, growing evidence suggests that it is essential to identify the modifiable risk factors to delay the progression of MetS.…”

Ellagic Acid Effect on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

“…Oxidative stress represents a significant role in the development and progression of each MetS component and other related complications such as endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and adipose tissue dysfunction, perpetuating the cycle of multiorgan damage [ 1 , 5 ]. Arterial stiffness is a marker of subclinical vascular damage and a predictor for CVD in patients with MetS [ 5 , 6 ]. SBP and DBP are directly linked to arterial stiffness; moreover, this can be assessed through the measurement of pulse wave velocity [ 6 ].…”

“…Arterial stiffness is a marker of subclinical vascular damage and a predictor for CVD in patients with MetS [ 5 , 6 ]. SBP and DBP are directly linked to arterial stiffness; moreover, this can be assessed through the measurement of pulse wave velocity [ 6 ]. Adipose tissue dysfunction also has an important contribution to MetS and subsequent complications [ 5 , 7 ].…”