Arterial stiffness and blood pressure are similar in naturally menstruating and oral contraceptive pill‐using women during the higher hormone phases

Eagan, Lauren E.; Chesney, C; Mascone, Sara E.

doi:10.1113/ep090151

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Our data extend these findings and show no differences in central blood pressure between pill days. Moreover, and contrary to some previous research [ 37 ], we did not observe any differences in brachial or central blood pressure between oral contraceptive users and eumenorrheic women.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration and Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men and Women: A Replicated Crossover Study

et al. 2023

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Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived metabolite and marker of gut dysbiosis, has been linked to hypertension. Blood pressure is proposed to be elevated in hormonal contraceptive users and males compared to age-matched eumenorrheic females, but the extent to which TMAO differs between these populations has yet to be investigated. Peripheral and central blood pressure were measured, with the latter determined via applanation tonometry, and plasma TMAO concentration was assessed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The following variables were assessed on two occasions in each of the following conditions: the early follicular phase (EFP) and mid-luteal phase (MLP) in eumenorrheic women (n = 13), and the pill-free interval (INACTIVE) and pill consumption days (ACTIVE) in women using oral contraceptive pills (n = 12), and in men (n = 22). Briefly, 17-β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations were quantified via ELISA in all females. There were no differences in TMAO concentration between EFP (2.9 ± 1.7 μmol/L) and MLP (3.2 ± 1.1 μmol/L), between INACTIVE (3.3 ± 2.9 μmol/L) and ACTIVE (2.3 ± 1.1 μmol/L) days, or between men (3.0 ± 1.8 μmol/L), eumenorrheic women (3.0 ± 1.3 μmol/L) and contraceptive users (2.8 ± 1.4 μmol/L). Blood pressure was consistent across the menstrual cycle and pill days, but brachial systolic blood pressure was higher in males than females. There were no differences in brachial diastolic blood pressure or central blood pressure between the sexes. Repeated measures of TMAO, blood pressure, 17-β-estradiol and progesterone were consistent in all populations. These findings suggest that the link between TMAO and blood pressure is limited in healthy young adults.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration and Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men and Women: A Replicated Crossover Study

et al. 2023

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“…Thus, we cannot rule out that we overlooked some relevant differences in skeletal muscle adaptations between PRO-HIIT and PLA-HIIT. Finally, we note that three participating women (PRO-HIIT, N = 1; PLA-HIIT, N = 2) were using contraceptive pills, which could potentially have an influence on blood pressure [ 65 ]. However, due to the very small number of women using contraceptive pills and the comparable distribution between both groups, we did not expect a meaningful impact on our results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Supplementation Does Not Maximize Adaptations to Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training in Sedentary, Healthy Adults: A Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Randomized Study

et al. 2022

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There is ample evidence that specific nutritional strategies can enhance adaptions to resistance and endurance training. However, it is still unclear whether post-session protein supplementation may increase the effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training (LOW-HIIT). We examined the impact of LOW-HIIT combined with protein vs. placebo supplementation on cardiometabolic health indices in sedentary healthy individuals. Forty-seven participants (31.1 ± 8.0 yrs) performed cycle ergometer LOW-HIIT (5–10x1 min at 80–95% maximum heart rate) for eight weeks and randomly received double-blinded 40 g of whey protein (PRO-HIIT, N = 24) or an isocaloric placebo (maltodextrin, PLA-HIIT, N = 23) after each session. The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max, primary outcome) and several secondary cardiometabolic outcomes were determined pre-/post-intervention. VO2max increased in PRO-HIIT (+2.8 mL/kg/min, p = 0.003) and PLA-HIIT (+3.5 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased in PRO-HIIT (−7/3 mmHg, p < 0.05) and PLA-HIIT (−8/5 mmHg, p < 0.001). Gamma glutamyl transferase (−2 U/L, p = 0.003) decreased in PRO-HIIT and alanine aminotransferase (−3 U/L, p = 0.014) in PLA-HIIT. There were no significant between-group differences in any of the outcome changes. In conclusion, LOW-HIIT improved VO2max and other cardiometabolic markers irrespective of the supplementation condition. Post-session protein supplementation does not seem to provide any additional benefit to LOW-HIIT in improving cardiometabolic health in sedentary healthy individuals.

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“…Forty‐three young, healthy women who were NAT ( n = 21) or taking OCPs ( n = 22) participated in the study. Participants were pooled from previously published studies conducted at UMD (Eagan et al., 2022 , 2021 ) and MU (Jacob et al., 2021 , 2022 ) to test new hypotheses proposed herein. Participants had no history of cardiovascular disease or other diseases (pulmonary conditions, metabolic conditions, cancer or stroke) that might alter vascular function, were not taking medications apart from oral contraceptives (antibiotics, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and blood pressure medication).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Forty-three young, healthy women who were NAT (n = 21) or taking OCPs (n = 22) participated in the study. Participants were pooled from previously published studies conducted at UMD (Eagan et al, 2021(Eagan et al, , 2022 and MU (Jacob et al, 2021(Jacob et al, , 2022 menstrual cycles (Munro et al, 2018) or regular and consistent use of the same brand and formulation of oral contraceptives for the last 6 months. All women also confirmed that they did not currently have an intra-uterine device or other hormonal implant.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturally menstruating women exhibit lower cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity than oral contraceptive users during the lower hormone phase

Mascone,

Jacob,

Eagan

et al. 2023

Experimental Physiology

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The present study evaluated cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) across the menstrual/pill cycle in naturally menstruating women (NAT women) and women using oral hormonal contraceptives (OCP women). In 21 NAT women (23 ± 4 years old) and 22 OCP women (23 ± 3 years old), cardiovagal BRS and circulating concentrations of estradiol and progesterone were evaluated during the lower hormone (early follicular/placebo pill) and higher hormone (late follicular to early luteal/active pill) phases. During the lower hormone phase, cardiovagal BRS up, down and mean gain were lower in NAT women (15.6 ± 8.3, 15.2 ± 6.1 and 15.1 ± 7.1 ms/mmHg) compared with OCP women (24.7 ± 9.4, 22.9 ± 8.0 and 23.0 ± 8.0 ms/mmHg) (P = 0.003, P = 0.002 and P = 0.003, respectively), and higher oestrogen (R2 = 0.15, P = 0.024), but not progesterone (R2 = 0.06, P = 0.18), concentrations were predictive of lower BRS mean gain. During the higher hormone phase, higher progesterone concentrations were predictive of lower BRS mean gain (R2 = 0.12, P = 0.024). A multivariate regression model revealed group (NAT or OCP) to be a significant predictor of cardiovagal BRS mean gain in the lower hormone phase when hormone concentrations were adjusted for (R2 = 0.36, P = 0.0044). The multivariate regression model was not significant during the higher hormone phase (P > 0.05). In summary, cardiovagal BRS is lower in NAT compared with OCP women during the lower hormone phase of the menstrual/pill cycle and might be associated with higher oestrogen concentrations. In contrast, during the higher hormone phase of the menstrual/OCP cycle, higher progesterone concentrations were predictive of lower cardiovagal BRS.New Findings What is the central question of this study?Does cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) differ between naturally menstruating women (NAT women) and women using oral contraceptives (OCP women)? What is the main finding and its importance?The main findings are as follows: (1) NAT women exhibit lower cardiovagal BRS than OCP women during the lower hormone phase of the menstrual or pill cycle; and (2) circulating oestrogen concentrations are significant predictors of cardiovagal BRS during the lower hormone phase, with higher oestrogen concentrations predicting lower BRS. The present data advance our understanding of the effect of endogenous ovarian hormones and OCP use on cardiovascular control mechanisms.

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Arterial stiffness and blood pressure are similar in naturally menstruating and oral contraceptive pill‐using women during the higher hormone phases

Cited by 5 publications

References 34 publications

Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration and Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men and Women: A Replicated Crossover Study

Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration and Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men and Women: A Replicated Crossover Study

Protein Supplementation Does Not Maximize Adaptations to Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training in Sedentary, Healthy Adults: A Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Randomized Study

Naturally menstruating women exhibit lower cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity than oral contraceptive users during the lower hormone phase

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