Arterial branching in various parts of the cardiovascular system

Zamir, M.; Brown, Neil L.

doi:10.1002/aja.1001630403

Cited by 58 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…These preliminary data corroborate the findings of Gössl et al (2003), where the diameters in the arterial vasa vasorum were scattered around much closer to theoretical optima. This scattering of branching angles has been reported in the vasculature in general (Zamir and Brown, 1982). More data, however, are needed to evaluate these findings statistically.…”

Section: Optimality In Vasa Vasorumsupporting

confidence: 66%

Three‐dimensional arrangement of the vasa vasorum in explanted segments of the aged human great saphenous vein: Scanning electron microscopy and three‐dimensional morphometry of vascular corrosion casts

et al. 2004

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The vasa vasorum of skeletonized and nonskeletonized segments of five human great saphenous veins (GSVs), harvested during coronary bypass grafting, were cannulated, rinsed, and injected (casted) with the polymerizing resin Mercox-Cl-2B. After removal of the dry vascular tissue, the casts were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Stereopaired images (tilt angle, 6°) were taken, imported into a 3D morphometry system, and the 3D architecture of the vasa vasorum (arterial and venous vasa as well as capillaries) was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of vasa diameters, intervascular and interbranching distances, and branching angles. Diameters of parent (d 0 ) and large (d 1 ) and small (d 2 ) daughter vessels of arterial and venous bifurcations served to calculate asymmetry ratios (␣) and area ratios (␤). Additionally, deviations of bifurcations and branching angles from optimal branches were calculated for selected arterial vasa. The arrangement of the vasa vasorum closely followed the longitudinally oriented connective tissue fibers in the adventitia and the circularly arranged smooth muscle cell layers within the outer layers of the media. Venous vasa by far outnumbered arterial vasa. Vasa vasorum changed their course several times in acute angles and revealed numerous circular constrictions, kinks, and outpouchings. Due to their spatial arrangement, the vasa vasorum are prone to tolerate vessel wall distension generated by acute increases in blood pressure or stretching of the vessel without severe impact on vessel functions. Preliminary comparisons of data from the bifurcations of cast arterial vasa vasorum, with calculated optimal bifurcations, do not yet give clear insights into the optimality principle(s) governing the design of arterial vasa vasorum bifurcations of the human GSVs.

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Section: Optimality In Vasa Vasorumsupporting

confidence: 66%

Three‐dimensional arrangement of the vasa vasorum in explanted segments of the aged human great saphenous vein: Scanning electron microscopy and three‐dimensional morphometry of vascular corrosion casts

et al. 2004

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“…As stated earlier, arterial trees have been found to consist of primarily dichotomous branching, the basic structural unit of the tree being an arterial “bifurcation,” whereby an arterial segment divides into two branches and then each of the branches goes on to do the same, and so on (Zamir and Brown 1982). If the diameter and length of an arterial segment are denoted by d, and l , respectively, and if at an arterial bifurcation subscripts 0, 1, and 2 are used to identify the parent segment and its two branches, then the basic properties at that bifurcation are d 0 , d 1 , d 2 and l 0 , l 1 , and l 2 , as shown schematically in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method has met with some difficulty because it is usually based on the assumption of symmetrical and uniform branching at all levels of the tree. Data from the arterial tree (Zamir and Brown 1982) indicate considerable nonsymmmetry and nonuniformity. Fractal dimension can also be defined by the so-called “box-counting” method, which essentially determines the space-filling property of the tree (Peitgen et al 1992).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arterial Branching within the Confines of Fractal L-System Formalism

Zamir

2001

The Journal of General Physiology

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Parametric Lindenmayer systems (L-systems) are formulated to generate branching tree structures that can incorporate the physiological laws of arterial branching. By construction, the generated trees are de facto fractal structures, and with appropriate choice of parameters, they can be made to exhibit some of the branching patterns of arterial trees, particularly those with a preponderant value of the asymmetry ratio. The question of whether arterial trees in general have these fractal characteristics is examined by comparison of pattern with vasculature from the cardiovascular system. The results suggest that parametric L-systems can be used to produce fractal tree structures but not with the variability in branching parameters observed in arterial trees. These parameters include the asymmetry ratio, the area ratio, branch diameters, and branching angles. The key issue is that the source of variability in these parameters is not known and, hence, it cannot be accurately reproduced in a model. L-systems with a random choice of parameters can be made to mimic some of the observed variability, but the legitimacy of that choice is not clear.

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“…Given the homology between the retinal and cerebral microvasculatures [148], it is not unexpected that changes in the retinal vasculature might also occur in AD. Vascular topography, including the angles at which blood vessels bifurcate and the relationship between the widths of parent to daughter blood vessels at vascular junctions is optimized in healthy subjects in order to minimize shear stress across a vascular network [149][150]. Variations from the optimal geometrical topography are known to occur in particular vascular conditions [151][152].…”

Section: (Figure 7)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Biomarkers for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease

Frost

Martins

Kanagasingam

2010

JAD

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized clinically by a progressive decline in memory, learning and executive function and neuropathologically by the presence of cerebral amyloid deposits. Despite a century of research, there is still no cure or conclusive pre-mortem diagnosis for the disease. A number of symptom-modifying drugs for AD have been developed, but their efficacy is minimal and short-lived. AD cognitive symptoms arise only after significant, irreversible neural deterioration has occurred, hence there is an urgent need to detect AD early, before the onset of cognitive symptoms. An accurate, early diagnostic test for AD would enable current and future treatments to be more effective, as well as contribute to the development of new treatments.While most AD related pathology occurs in the brain, the disease has also been reported to affect the eye, which is more accessible for imaging than the brain. AD-related proteins exist in the normal human eye and may produce ocular pathology in AD. There is some homology between the retinal and cerebral vasculatures and the retina also contains nerve cells and fibers that form a sensory extension of the brain. The eye is the only place in the body where vasculature or neural tissue is available for non-invasive optical imaging. This article presents a review of current literature on ocular morphology in AD and discusses the potential for an ocular based screening test for AD.

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Arterial branching in various parts of the cardiovascular system

Cited by 58 publications

References 30 publications

Three‐dimensional arrangement of the vasa vasorum in explanted segments of the aged human great saphenous vein: Scanning electron microscopy and three‐dimensional morphometry of vascular corrosion casts

Three‐dimensional arrangement of the vasa vasorum in explanted segments of the aged human great saphenous vein: Scanning electron microscopy and three‐dimensional morphometry of vascular corrosion casts

Arterial Branching within the Confines of Fractal L-System Formalism

Ocular Biomarkers for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease

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