Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra extracts exhibit strong bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Martini, María Carla; Zhang, Tianbi; Williams, John T.; Abramovitch, Robert B.; Weathers, Pamela J.; Shell, Scarlet S.

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113191

Cited by 47 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Following a 30 min room-temperature incubation, absorbance was measured at 415 nm, using quercetin in a standard curve with total flavonoids expressed in quercetin units. Another aliquot of each extract in each solvent was analyzed for ART via gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy as detailed by Martini et al [ 37 ]. Using these ART concentrations, the remaining bulk of the extract was dried and resuspended to 20 mM ART in DMSO.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro analyses of Artemisia extracts on Plasmodium falciparum suggest a complex antimalarial effect

Gruessner

Weathers

2021

PLoS ONE

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Dried-leaf Artemisia annua L. (DLA) antimalarial therapy was shown effective in prior animal and human studies, but little is known about its mechanism of action. Here IC50s and ring-stage assays (RSAs) were used to compare extracts of A. annua (DLAe) to artemisinin (ART) and its derivatives in their ability to inhibit and kill Plasmodium falciparum strains 3D7, MRA1252, MRA1240, Cam3.11 and Cam3.11rev in vitro. Strains were sorbitol and Percoll synchronized to enrich for ring-stage parasites that were treated with hot water, methanol and dichloromethane extracts of DLA, artemisinin, CoArtem™, and dihydroartemisinin. Extracts of A. afra SEN were also tested. There was a correlation between ART concentration and inhibition of parasite growth. Although at 6 hr drug incubation, the RSAs for Cam3.11rev showed DLA and ART were less effective than high dose CoArtem™, 8 and 24 hr incubations yielded equivalent antiparasitic results. For Cam3.11, drug incubation time had no effect. DLAe was more effective on resistant MRA-1240 than on the sensitive MRA-1252 strain. Because results were not as robust as observed in animal and human studies, a host interaction was suspected, so sera collected from adult and pediatric Kenyan malaria patients was used in RSA inhibition experiments and compared to sera from adults naïve to the disease. The sera from both age groups of malaria patients inhibited parasite growth ≥ 70% after treatment with DLAe and compared to malaria naïve subjects suggesting some host interaction with DLA. The discrepancy between these data and in-vivo reports suggested that DLA’s effects require an interaction with the host to unlock their potential as an antimalarial therapy. Although we showed there are serum-based host effects that can kill up to 95% of parasites in vitro, it remains unclear how or if they play a role in vivo. These results further our understanding of how DLAe works against the malaria parasite in vitro.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro analyses of Artemisia extracts on Plasmodium falciparum suggest a complex antimalarial effect

Gruessner

Weathers

2021

PLoS ONE

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“…Sterile infusion was aliquoted into 1.5 mL tubes and stored at -80°C. Artemisinin content of the filtered infusions was determined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) as detailed in Martini et al 2020(Martini et al, 2020. SAM A. annua and SEN A. afra tea infusions contained 283 and 0.69 µM artemisinin, respectively; A. afra PAR and LUX contained no detectable artemisinin.…”

Section: Plant Materials and Its Preparation For Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro reduction of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: Artemisia spp. tea infusions vs. artemisinin

Snider

Weathers

2021

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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In this study, we showed in vitro evidence that supports the efficacy of A. annua and A. afra tea infusions used in a 2015 clinical trial not only for clearing asexual Plasmodium falciparum parasites, but also for eliminating sexual gametocytes. P. falciparum NF54 was grown in vitro, synchronized, and induced to form gametocytes using N-acetylglucosamine. Cultures during asexual, early, and late stage gametogenesis were treated with artemisinin, methylene blue, and Artemisia annua and A. afra tea infusions (5g DW/L) using cultivars that contained 0-283 µM artemisinin. Asexual parasitemia and gametocytemia were analyzed microscopically.Gametocyte morphology was also scored. Markers of early (PfGEXP5) and late stage (Pfs25) gametocyte gene expression were also measured using RT-qPCR. Both A. annua and A. afra tea infusions reduced gametocytemia in vitro, and the effect was mainly artemisinin dependent. Expression levels of both marker genes were reduced with the effect mainly attributed to artemisinin content of the our tested Artemisia cultivars. Tea infusions of both species also inhibited asexual parasitemia and although mainly artemisinin dependent, there was a weak antiparasitic effect from artemisinin-deficient A. afra. These results showed that A. annua and to a lesser extent, A. afra, inhibited parasitemia and gametogenesis in vitro, and results are consistent with earlier observed clinical results.

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“…Artemisinin and its derivatives are not only effective against malaria, but also against various types of cancers and tumors (Efferth 2017), some viruses (Efferth et al 2008;Efferth 2018) including SARS-CoV-2 (Nair Communicated by Gerhard Leubner. et al 2021), tuberculosis (Martini et al 2020;Zheng et al 2017), and many other parasites including Schistosoma sp. (Munyangi et al 2018), Leishmania sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing artemisinin content in and delivery from Artemisia annua: a review of alternative, classical, and transgenic approaches

Wani

Choudhary

Zehra

et al. 2021

Planta

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Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra extracts exhibit strong bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Cited by 47 publications

References 37 publications

In vitro analyses of Artemisia extracts on Plasmodium falciparum suggest a complex antimalarial effect

In vitro analyses of Artemisia extracts on Plasmodium falciparum suggest a complex antimalarial effect

In vitro reduction of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: Artemisia spp. tea infusions vs. artemisinin

Enhancing artemisinin content in and delivery from Artemisia annua: a review of alternative, classical, and transgenic approaches

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