Arrector pili muscle: evidence of proximal attachment variant in terminal follicles of the scalp

Barcauí, Carlos Baptista; Piñeiro-Maceira, Juãn; Alchorne, M M de Avelar

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04541.x

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…7,8 Recent evidence shows that fascicles of the AP muscle may surround the entire circumference of some hair follicles at the bulge area. 9,10 Studying the anatomy of FUs in horizontal sections, we recently reported 4 that the AP muscle displays a clear relationship to the follicular unit, forming a common thick bundle which is always oriented towards the same pole in different FUs. Based on these findings, we hypothesised that the AP muscles form a single structure that is shared by the follicles contained in each follicular unit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of the arrector pili muscle and sebaceous glands to the follicular unit structure

Poblet¹,

Jiménez²,

Ortega³

2004

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of the arrector pili muscle and sebaceous glands to the follicular unit structure

Poblet¹,

Jiménez²,

Ortega³

2004

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

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“…While the APM is known to attach to the bulge via a tendon, the tendon cells have not been identified (Barcaui et al, 2002; Guerra Rodrigo et al, 1975). We showed that the tendon/ligament extracellular matrix protein periostin (Horiuchi et al, 1999; Norris et al, 2007) was strongly expressed in bulge stem cells and deposited locally around the bulge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Basement Membrane of Hair Follicle Stem Cells Is a Muscle Cell Niche

Fujiwara

Ferreira

Donati

et al. 2011

Cell

278

312

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Summary The hair follicle bulge in the epidermis associates with the arrector pili muscle (APM) that is responsible for piloerection (commonly called "goosebumps"). We show that deposition of nephronectin into the basement membrane by bulge stem cells mediates selective adhesion of α8β1 integrin-expressing mesenchymal cells, including APM progenitors. Nephronectin induces α8 integrin-positive cells to upregulate smooth muscle markers. In nephronectin-null skin, the number of APM is reduced and those that form insert above the bulge, where there is compensatory upregulation of the nephronectin family member EGFL6. Deletion of α8 integrin also abolishes the selectivity of APM anchorage to the bulge. Nephronectin is a Wnt target gene; epidermal β-catenin activation upregulates epidermal nephronectin and dermal α8 integrin expression. We conclude that by expressing nephronectin bulge stem cells provide a smooth muscle cell niche and act as tendon cells for the APM. The results also reveal a functional role for basement membrane heterogeneity in tissue patterning.

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“…Narisawa & Kohda (1993) reported that thin fibres of the AP muscle closely encircled the entire circumference of the facial vellus hair at the bulge area. Another study found that the bundles of the AP muscle encircled the entire terminal hair follicle at the bulge level, which was described as a variation (Barcaui et al. 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new model for the morphology of the arrector pili muscle in the follicular unit based on three‐dimensional reconstruction

et al. 2006

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In the classic model of the arrector pili (AP) muscle, each hair follicle is independently associated with a single AP muscle. Recently, new models have been proposed based on interpretations of serial histological cross-sectional images. The purpose of this study was to confirm the morphology of the AP muscle in relation to the follicular unit (FU) using quantitative three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of serially sectioned images. Skin samples were obtained from the parietal region of the scalp, and processed using routine histological procedures. The serially sectioned slides were stained with Masson's trichrome. All the hairs and hair follicles of the FU exhibited some degree of slanting, with the single AP muscle slanted in the same direction. The distal portion of the AP muscle was divided into branches, as in a bronchial tree. There was branching in the single AP muscle present in the FU, and it was inserted into all the hair follicles of the FU either tightly or loosely. We suggest that the classic anatomy of the AP muscle must be modified with this new model, now confirmed by computer-based 3D reconstruction.

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Arrector pili muscle: evidence of proximal attachment variant in terminal follicles of the scalp

Abstract: Terminal follicles of the human scalp may also present this variant of proximal insertion of the AP muscle.

Cited by 13 publications

References 6 publications

The contribution of the arrector pili muscle and sebaceous glands to the follicular unit structure

The contribution of the arrector pili muscle and sebaceous glands to the follicular unit structure

The Basement Membrane of Hair Follicle Stem Cells Is a Muscle Cell Niche

A new model for the morphology of the arrector pili muscle in the follicular unit based on three‐dimensional reconstruction

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