Arqueología de la cuenca del río Guabayacu. Región San Martín, Perú

Abstract

Los territorios de las regiones San Martín y Amazonas son geográficamente continuados, ambos de ecosistema altoandino y bosque de nubes; se caracterizan por presentar valles, quebradas, cañones, laderas, geomorfologías elevadas y lagos de origen volcánico; numerosos ríos de volúmenes diversos cursan sus tierras bajas, los que drenan al río Huallaga su colector mayor. En la región San Martín conjuncionan las tierras altas de los Andes del norte (provincia de Bolívar, La Libertad) de la margen derecha del río Marañón, cuyas jalcas y punas extiéndense penetrando al Monte de Nubes. Las prospecciones y trabajos arqueológicos fueron ejecutados los años 2003-2005 con el patrocinio del explorador norteamericano Gene Savoy. Los sitios arqueológicos descubiertos están ubicados en ambas márgenes del río Guabayacu, distrito de Alto Saposoa, provincia de Huallaga.

Settlement Organization and Architecture in Late Intermediate Period Chachapoyas, Northeastern Peru

“…The size of sites did vary considerably, from several dozen to several hundred buildings (Schjellerup 2005:305), but it is not clear how these were organized spatially or whether their size distributions were multimodal. The presence of relatively monumental masonry constructions at a number of sites, including Pirka Pirka (Vega 1982), La Joya (Muscutt 1998:39-41), La Meseta (Muscutt 2013), and Cerro Las Cruces (Bueno and Cornejo 2009) does, however, suggest that some settlements may have been ritually or politically important for multiple communities.…”

“…It likely also has gained momentum from a common perception that Chachapoyans were culturally linked to the Amazon, which Western-and Inka-historiography has portrayed for centuries as a land where intertribal warfare flourished in the absence of law and political authority. Jivaroan groups in nearby Ecuador, for example, have often served scholars as a ready parallel for interpreting various aspects of Chachapoya cultural practice (e.g., Bueno and Cornejo 2009;Koschmieder 2014;Taylor 1989). To be sure, Chachapoyas is characterized by many of the same attributes used to infer the presence of warfare in other regions, namely hilltop settlement patterns and high rates of cranial trauma (Arkush and Tung 2013).…”

“…Bonavía (1968) and Kauffman (2009) have argued that this area was first colonized by Inka or other highland groups in search of new agricultural lands. Some scholars contend that it was settled by Amazonian groups who displaced indigenous populations around A.D. 1000 (Koschmieder 2015;Lerche 1995), or that Chachapoya culture resulted from indigenous Jivaroan-related groups emulating neighboring Andeans (Bueno and Cornejo 2009). None of these models have yet been validated through archaeological evidence, however, and migrationist arguments in particular are challenged by increasing evidence of long sequences of autochthonous cultural development (e.g., Church 1994;Guengerich 2014a;Ruiz 2009;Schjellerup 2005:347-354) similar to what is seen in most of the Andean highlands (e.g., D'Altroy and Hastorf 2001;Herrera 2003;Julien 1988;Parsons et al 2000Parsons et al , 2013.…”

“…To date, most research has focused on the monumental regional center of Kuelap (Narváez 1996a, 1996b, 2013Ruiz 2009) and on mortuary archaeology and bioarchaeology (Fabre et al 2008;Guillén 2002;Nystrom et al 2010;Nystrom and Toyne 2013). Kuelap, Gran Pajatén (Bonavía 1968;Church 1994), and Monte Viudo (Guengerich 2014a) represent the most extensively mapped and excavated settlement sites; besides these, sketch or scale maps, architectural descriptions, and more limited excavations have been published from the areas of Luya (Koschmieder 2012(Koschmieder , 2015, Cheto (Fabre 2006;Ruiz 2007;Ruiz 2004), south of Mendoza (Schjellerup et al 2003(Schjellerup et al , 2009, the Huabayacu drainage (Bueno and Cornejo 2009), and the Utcubamba-Atuén drainage (Langlois 1939(Langlois , 1940a(Langlois , 1940bMuscutt 1998;Muscutt et al 1993;Schjellerup 2005:307-377;Thompson 1973Thompson , 1976.…”