“…A major factor in test score variance, test anxiety has been the topic of extensive research. It is recognized, measured, correlated, predicted, treated, and deconstructed (Alpert & Haber, 1960;Bruch, Pearl, & Giordano, 1986;Deffenbacher & Hazaleus, 1985;Herman, 1990;Hocevar, 1988;Kalechstein, Hocevar, & Kalechstein, 1988;Krampen, 1988;Naveh-Benjamin, 1991;Sarason, 1984;Smith, Arnkoff, & Wright, 1990;Spielberger, 1976). The construct is conceptualized using three different models: the cognitive-attentional model (Sarason, 1972(Sarason, , 1980Wine, 1982), the dual deficit model (Bruch et al, 1986;Meichenbaum & Butler, 1980), and the model based on social learning theory (Bandura, 1977(Bandura, , 1982.…”