Aromatization of propane: Techno-economic analysis by multiscale “kinetics-to-process” simulation

A strategy to convert propane to aromatics (BTX) using TiNp4 grafted at the periphery of ZSM-5 by surface organometallic chemistry

“…Aromatics, especially Benzene, Toluene and Xylenes (BTX), are important chemicals, which are extensively used in the production of styrene, phenol, polymers, plastics, medicines, rubbers and others. Catalytic cracking/reforming of naphtha can lead to aromatics processes using ZSM-5 catalysts [1][2][3][4][5] The aromatization reaction of light alkanes, such as ethane, propane or n-butane, are important catalytic reactions for the academic community as it represents an example of a complex and multistep reaction requiring a multi-functional catalyst. This process is also used industrially to upgrade light alkanes such as ethane, propane and butane in the petroleum refinery.…”

“…10,[13][14][15][16] An industrial process has been successfully developed by BP and UOP and is known as the Cyclar™ process. 2,17 There is a consensus that Ga + is involved in the dehydrogenation step leading to olefins by an oxidative addition step and that the acid sites of zeolites facilitate catalysis, oligomerization, cyclization and aromatization steps. 18 Various studies showed that the catalytic performance of the aromatization of propane mainly depends on the repartition between the Brønsted and Lewis acid sites present on the heterogeneous catalysts.…”

Simulation-Based Superstructure Optimization for the Synthesis Process of Aromatics Production from Methanol

“…These process simulators are employed to handle various processes, such as shale gas processing, 27,28 olefin production, 29 and aromatics production. 30,31 Furthermore, many publications integrate process simulators and optimization tools to optimize chemical processes. For example, He and You 32 developed a simulation−optimization method for obtaining a more cost-effective and greener process to make chemicals from shale gas and bioethanol.…”

“…Chemical process simulators, like Aspen Plus, Aspen HYSYS, and PRO II, take complex physical properties and mass/energy balance relationships into consideration, making the process models more rigorous. These process simulators are employed to handle various processes, such as shale gas processing, , olefin production, and aromatics production. , Furthermore, many publications integrate process simulators and optimization tools to optimize chemical processes. For example, He and You developed a simulation–optimization method for obtaining a more cost-effective and greener process to make chemicals from shale gas and bioethanol.…”

Enhanced production of aromatics from propane with a temperature-shifting two-stage fluidized bed reactor

“…[1][2][3][4]6,7 Increasing the temperature in the range 500-550 C or above is thermodynamically and kinetically favorable for the conversion of propane in such a slow and endothermic reaction. [8][9][10] However, the dehydrogenation of propane as well as the complicated transformation in the dual hydrocarbon pool cycle inside the zeolite, produces olens as intermediates. 5 These are rapidly converted into paraffins with the same carbon number at a high temperature by an effect of hydrogen transfer, rather than ring formation to aromatics, which is similar to those in methanol-to-aromatics (MTA) or methanol to olens (MTO) processes.…”