A strategy to convert propane to aromatics (BTX) using TiNp₄ grafted at the periphery of ZSM-5 by surface organometallic chemistry

Abstract

The direct conversion of propane into aromatics (BTX) using modified ZSM-5 was achieved with a strategy of “catalysis by design”.

Surface Organometallic Chemistry on Zeolites: Synthesis of Group IV Metal Alkyls and Metal Hydrides on Hierarchical Mesoporous H-ZSM-5

“…All these surface catalysts were further characterized by elemental analysis, SS NMR spectroscopy, PXRD, BET measurements, and SEM and HRTEM analyses. These spectroscopic data of all the grafted materials (2–4) are consistent with those of the previously reported silica supported metal complexes. − …”

“…All these surface metal mono- and bis-hydrides, along with the respective silicon mono- and bis-hydrides, were further confirmed by in situ FT-IR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data are consistent with the previously reported silica-supported metal complexes. − The proposed reaction mechanism for the hydrothermal treatment of the materials ( 2–4 ) is displayed in Scheme .…”

“…The methane and ethane gases were formed in a 1:1 ratio in the case of Ti and a 3:1 ratio in the cases of Zr and Hf (total carbon emitted corresponds to the release and hydrogenolysis of 3 equiv of neopentane gas evolved during the hydrothermal treatment) (Scheme ). The FT-IR data of the resulting metal hydride materials are consistent with the data of the previously reported surface complexes such as [(Si–O−) 3 MH] and [(Si–O−) 2 MH 2 ] [M = Ti, Zr, and Hf]. − …”

Alloying nickel and cobalt with iron on ZSM-5 for tuning competitive hydrogenation reactions for selective one-pot conversion of furfural to gamma-valerolactone

“…The use of ZSM-5 as the support was based on the consideration that it shows high specific surface area, abundant acidic sites, and superior thermal stability. 30,31 The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), temperature-programmed H 2 reduction (H 2 -TPR), temperature-programmed desorption of H 2 (H 2 -TPD) and NH 3 (NH 3 -TPD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of pyridine (pyridine-FTIR), etc . The reaction intermediates in the hydrogenation reactions over various catalysts were investigated with in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS).…”

Oxide-Supported Titanium Catalysts: Structure–Activity Relationship in Heterogeneous Catalysis, with the Choice of Support as a Key Step

“…As a consequence, an opportunity to tune the catalytic site reactivity (coordination sphere: supports, ligands) toward a given reaction arises. Several essential catalytic systems for processes such as alkene metathesis, − imine metathesis, controlled depolymerization of waxes, , methane coupling, , alkane dehydrogenation, , alkane aromatization, , 2-butene dimerization, and alkene epoxidation have been demonstrated using this strategy. Importantly, catalysts prepared by this approach have also led to the discovery of new reactions, unknown in homogeneous catalysis, such as alkane metathesis, direct conversion of ethylene to propylene, and metathetic oxidation .…”