Aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of skin cancer by anatomical site in 25 000 male offshore petroleum workers

Stenehjem, Jo Steinson; Robsahm, Trude Eid; Bråtveit, Magne; Samuelsen, Sven Ove; Kirkeleit, Jorunn; Grimsrud, Tom Kristian

doi:10.1002/ajim.22741

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Excesses in skin cancer incidence and mortality among petroleum workers have previously been reported from Australia, Canada, Norway, and the United Kingdom, 6–10 and skin cancer in relation to occupational UVR exposure has recently received increased attention from both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) 11 . We have previously shown that the majority of the skin cancers in Norwegian male offshore petroleum workers was related to UVR exposure and that associations with hydrocarbon exposure were restricted to the hands and forearms 12 . Due to a harsh climate and mandatory use of personal protective equipment (PPE), including helmet, glasses, gloves, coverall, and boots, workers are likely to experience little UVR exposure when on‐duty in the offshore work environment, with the exception of the pioneer era in the late 1960s and early 1970s 13–15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Ultraviolet radiation and risk of cutaneous melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma in males and females in the Norwegian Offshore Petroleum Workers cohort

Liu

Grimsrud

Veierød

et al. 2021

American J Industrial Med

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Background Increased risk of cutaneous melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been reported among petroleum workers, but few studies include females, exposure data on ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and potential confounding factors. We aimed to examine UVR exposure in relation to risk of melanoma and SCC among male and female offshore petroleum workers. We also examined the association between UVR exposure and melanoma (Breslow) thickness. Methods The Norwegian Offshore Petroleum Workers (NOPW) cohort (n = 27,917) holds information on sunbathing, indoor tanning, sunburns, sunscreen use, and other lifestyle factors recorded in 1998. Linkage to the Cancer Registry of Norway gave information on cancer diagnosis through 2017. We used Cox and logistic regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of skin cancer and odds ratios (OR) of thick (≥1 mm) melanomas, respectively, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Melanoma risk increased with increasing frequency of sunbathing after age 20 (ptrend = 0.031), sunburn average intensity (ptrend = 0.028), and sunscreen use (HR = 2.16; 95% CI: 1.42 ‐3.27 for almost always vs. never/rarely). The risk of thick melanoma was inversely associated with sunbathing frequency after age 20 (OR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.16 ‐ 0.90 for ≥4 weeks/year vs. 1 week/year). SCC risk increased with increasing frequency of indoor tanning after age 20 (HR = 2.72; 95% CI: 1.22 ‐ 6.05 for ≥3 times/months vs. never), sunburn average intensity (ptrend < 0.001), and sunscreen use (ptrend < 0.001). Conclusions Our results support associations between UVR exposure and skin cancer risk in male and female offshore petroleum workers. This occupational group may be especially relevant for targeted sun protection advice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Ultraviolet radiation and risk of cutaneous melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma in males and females in the Norwegian Offshore Petroleum Workers cohort

Liu

Grimsrud

Veierød

et al. 2021

American J Industrial Med

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“…Technical workers include engineers, chemists and geologists where potential skin exposure to carcinogens is also of concern. For example, a 13·5‐year follow‐up study of 25 000 male offshore petroleum workers showed an increased risk of CM among workers ever exposed to crude oil or benzene 40 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupation and cutaneous melanoma: a 45‐year historical cohort study of 14·9 million people in five Nordic countries*

et al. 2020

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Summary Background The age‐adjusted incidence of cutaneous melanoma (CM) in the Nordic countries has increased during the last 60 years. Few prospective population‐based studies have estimated the occupational variation in CM risk over time. Objectives To determine occupational variation in CM risk. Methods A historical prospective cohort study with a 45‐year follow‐up from 1961 to 2005 (Nordic Occupational Cancer Study, NOCCA) based on record linkages between census and cancer registry data for Nordic residents aged 30–64 years in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. National occupational codes were converted to 53 occupational categories, and stratified into indoor, outdoor and mixed work, and into socioeconomic status. The standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were estimated as observed number of CM cases divided by the expected number calculated from stratum‐specific person‐years and national CM incidence rates. Results During a follow‐up of 385 million person‐years, 83 898 incident cases of CM were identified. In all countries combined, men with outdoor work had a low SIR of 0·79 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·77–0·81] and men with indoor work had a high SIR of 1·09 (95% CI 1·07–1·11). Differences in women pointed in the same direction. High socioeconomic status was associated with an excess risk: SIR 1·34 (95% CI 1·28–1·40) in men and SIR 1·31 (95% CI 1·26–1·36) in women. Technical, transport, military and public safety workers with potential skin exposure to carcinogens had excess risks. Conclusions Occupational variation in CM risk may be partly explained by host, socioeconomic and skin exposure factors. Differences in CM risk across socioeconomic groups attenuated slightly over time.

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“…Another approach, as suggested by Kröger, would be to rank the different overlapping spells, and use the duration from the most relevant spell with respect to the exposure and disease in question to generate exposure duration for time periods with overlaps. For our recent paper on exposure to hydrocarbons and ionizing radiation in relation to skin cancer risk, we considered the ranking approach in the initial phase of data management. However, since we applied four different JEMs (benzene, crude oil, mineral oil, and ionizing radiation) to the work history data, a ranking approach would give priority to one exposure over the other when JEM ratings differed between overlapping spells of different job categories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study design and study population have been described in detail in previous publications on skin cancer risk associated with exposure to hydrocarbons, ionizing radiation, and ultraviolet radiation . In the present paper, we used the same case‐cohort data set of 1825 workers (including 182 skin cancer cases and 1643 subcohort members) with individual work history data (start year, stop year, job title).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harmonizing work history data in epidemiologic studies with overlapping employment records

Stenehjem

Babigumira

Friesen

et al. 2019

American J Industrial Med

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Aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of skin cancer by anatomical site in 25 000 male offshore petroleum workers

Abstract: Our results support an association between exposure to crude oil or benzene and skin cancer risk on hands and forearms among offshore petroleum workers. Dermal uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or benzene may explain this association.

Cited by 24 publications

References 32 publications

Ultraviolet radiation and risk of cutaneous melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma in males and females in the Norwegian Offshore Petroleum Workers cohort

Ultraviolet radiation and risk of cutaneous melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma in males and females in the Norwegian Offshore Petroleum Workers cohort

Occupation and cutaneous melanoma: a 45‐year historical cohort study of 14·9 million people in five Nordic countries*

Harmonizing work history data in epidemiologic studies with overlapping employment records

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