Armed conflicts, 1946–2014

Pettersson, Torsten; Wallensteen, Peter

doi:10.1177/0022343315595927

Cited by 456 publications

(236 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Since 1989, more than one million people have been killed in civil and interstate conflicts (Pettersson and Wallensteen 2015). The majority of these episodes are civil wars in low-and middle-income countries; because the scourge of war falls disproportionately on the poorest nations, armed conflict also perpetuates disparities in human and economic development among the living.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Violence on Individual Risk Preferences: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Jakiela¹,

Ozier²

2015

Policy Research Working Papers

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. Terms of use: Documents in D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E SIZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ABSTRACTThe Impact of Violence on Individual Risk Preferences: Evidence from a Natural Experiment *We estimate the impact of Kenya's post-election crisis on individual risk preferences. The crisis interrupted a longitudinal survey of more than five thousand Kenyan youth, creating plausibly exogenous variation in exposure to civil conflict by the time of the survey. We measure individual risk preferences using hypothetical lottery choice questions which we validate by showing that they predict migration and entrepreneurship in the cross-section.Our results indicate that the post-election violence sharply increased individual risk aversion. Immediately after the crisis, the fraction of subjects displaying extreme risk aversion increased by more than 80 percent. Findings remain robust when we use an IV estimation strategy that exploits random assignment of respondents to waves of surveying. Our results suggest that the crisis also impacted trust, social capital, and beliefs about the economy, though it did not have any detectable negative impacts on job prospects or wages.JEL Classification: C91, C93, D01, D74, D81

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Violence on Individual Risk Preferences: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Jakiela¹,

Ozier²

2015

Policy Research Working Papers

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“…Secondly, in relation to nonstate conflict, an increasing number has been recorded since 1989 (resulting in a higher number of non-state conflicts in comparison to all types of armed conflict combined in recent years), most of which have occurred in Africa and the Middle East (Sundberg et al 2012). Thirdly, concerning acts of one-sided violence against civilians, a significant number of acts have been recorded, most of which were committed in Africa, Asia, and to a lesser extent the Middle East, while they also have been increasingly committed by non-state actors since 1989 (Eck and Hultman 2007; for the entire paragraph, see Pettersson and Wallensteen 2015).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replaying Today’s Wars? A Study of the Conceptualization of Post-1989 Conflict in Digital “War” Games

Heede

Ribbens

Jansz

2017

Int J Polit Cult Soc

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Commercial Bwar^games in a post-1989 setting are popular among a large audience. They offer players an enjoyable gameplay experience, while also referring to contemporary Bwar^scenarios. As such, they have been studied in several ways, e.g., concerning the Brealistic^nature of how they depict warfare. However, little is still known about the way in which the notion of Bwar^is conceptualized in these games. To fill this gap, this article offers a systematic analysis of the narrative content of 15 popular Bwar^games set after 1989, as well as their promotional descriptions, as these provide insight into how publishers respond to the interests of players. This is done based on the conceptual framework of conflict/war offered by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP).

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“…What is more, conflict casualties actually show a notable uptick in recent years, with 2014 being the deadliest year since the late 1980s (Pettersson and Wallensteen 2015). With climate change and possible adverse knock-on consequences for agricultural productivity, economic activity, and food security approaching, fears are mounting that the future may see a reversal of the trend and bring more conflict and instability (CNA 2014;US DoD 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change and Conflict: Taking Stock

Buhaug

2016

Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy

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Is climate change a major security threat? How has research on climate and conflict progressed in recent years? And where should it move forward? This brief essay reflects on some ways in which climatic changes could constitute a threat to peace and stability. Rather than assuming a direct causal link, the essay argues that climate change may exert an indirect and conditional effect on conflict risk, increasing the security gap between affluent societies well able to cope with climate change and societies already suffering from violence and instability, who are unlikely to achieve successful adaptation on their own. For this reason, peace building is quite possibly the most effective climate resilience policy in unstable corners of the world.

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Armed conflicts, 1946–2014

Cited by 456 publications

References 10 publications

The Impact of Violence on Individual Risk Preferences: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

The Impact of Violence on Individual Risk Preferences: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Replaying Today’s Wars? A Study of the Conceptualization of Post-1989 Conflict in Digital “War” Games

Climate Change and Conflict: Taking Stock

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