Armed conflict and land-use changes: Insights from Iraq-Iran war in Zagros forests

Heidarlou, Hadi Beygi; Shafiei, Abbas Banj; Erfanian, Mahdi; Tayyebi, Amin; Alijanpour, Ahmad

doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102246

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Sardasht is located between 45°13´48´´ to 45°42´00´´ E longitude and 35°37´36´´ to 36°28´12´´ N latitude. The average height above sea level is 1515 m (Beygi Heidarlou et al, 2020). This area is often covered with dense forests with trees such as Quercus infectoria Oliv, Q. libani, Q. brantii, Vitis vinifera L., Ficus carica and Pyrus glabra.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying the factors affecting the willingness of villagers to participate in forest firefighting in Iran’s Zagros forests

Ghaderi¹,

Shafiei²,

heidarlou³

2022

Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022

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One of the environmental factors affecting the forest ecosystem is fire. Local volunteer firefighters are often those who first respond to forest fires. This study was conducted aimed to determine the factors affecting their willingness to participate in firefighting in the northern Zagros forests of Iran (Sardasht County). For this purpose, after extracting Sardasht fire statistics during a 14-year period (2006-2019), the villages with the highest frequency of fires in the above period were selected. Organizing, facilities and equipment, indigenous knowledge and education for firefighting were selected as factors affecting the willingness to participate in firefighting. The research tools were a questionnaire and face-to-face interview. The statistical population included 649 households. According to Morgan's Table, the number of samples required for the distribution of questionnaires was n=242. The questionnaire questions were designed openly and closed with scores based on the Likert scale and the factors affecting villagersâ€™ willingness to participate in firefighting were investigated by face-to-face interviews. The results of statistical analysis of data showed that organizing, knowledge and facilities had a significant effect on the participation of respondents. This study showed that for the villagers, organizing was the most effective factor and facilities was the last factor affecting their willingness to participate. Also, a positive and significant relationship was found between the participation and the level of education. Therefore, it is necessary for the promotion department of the Iran's Forests, Range and Watershed management Organization (FRWO), along with the protection unit of the organization, to provide special programs and policies for the organizing of the public, rural and volunteer firefighting forces before the fire spreads to control it in principle.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying the factors affecting the willingness of villagers to participate in forest firefighting in Iran’s Zagros forests

Ghaderi¹,

Shafiei²,

heidarlou³

2022

Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022

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“…Unfortunately, population increase, underdevelopment consistent with the nature of the region, insufficient revenue of economic units, and employment needs in the region increased the deforestation [ 22 ]. Expanding croplands, firewood supply, and rural use have always been some of the main causes of deforestation in the Zagros oak forests [ 23 ]. Human resources in these areas are unable to provide sufficient conditions of living due to a lack of systematic attention to the agriculture sector and rural communities close to forested areas, as well as to a reduction in their contribution to economic and industrial development initiatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Iran’s Forest Nationalization Law on Forest Cover Changes over Six Decades: A Case Study of a Zagros Sparse Coppice Oak Forest

Heidarlou

Shafiei

Nasiri

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Forest nationalization policies in developing countries have often led to a reduction in local forest ownership rights and short- or long-term exploitative behaviors of stakeholders. The purpose of this research is to quantify the effect of Iran’s Forest Nationalization Law (FNL) in a part of Zagros Forest over a 68-year time period (1955–2022) using 1955 historical aerial photos, 1968 Corona spy satellite photography, and classification of multi-temporal Landsat satellite images. A past classification change detection technique was used to identify the extent and the pattern of land use changes in time. For this purpose, six periods were defined, to cover the time before and after the implementation of FNL. A 0.27% deforestation trend was identified over the period after the FNL. Dense and open forested area has decreased from 7175.62 ha and 68,927.46 ha in 1955 to 5664.26 ha and 59,223.38 ha in 2022. The FNL brought decisive changes in the legal and forest management systems at the state level, mainly by giving their ownership to the state. Accordingly, the FNL and the related conservation plans have not fully succeeded in protecting, rehabilitating, recovering, and developing the sparse Zagros Forest ecosystems, as their most important goals.

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“…Natural resources of West Azarbaijan Province (northwest Iran) and especially the forests of Sardasht city, with an area of 91,117 ha, are considered an important and relatively one of the critical areas in Zagros forests for land-use change and forest decline (Beygi Heidarlou et al 2019). This region has not been immune to human harm and has seen forest loss throughout the years as a result of population increase, poverty, and the demand for food, jobs, livable environments, roads, and urbanization growth, among other factors (Beygi Heidarlou et al 2020a). As a result, the necessity for a careful planning and assessment in this region of the country has intensified in the last period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the effect of ongoing conservation policies and forest cover changes in Iranian Zagros forests based on a Land Transformation Model: transition to forest or deforestation?

Heidarlou,

Banj Shafiei,

Tayyebi

et al. 2023

AFR

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In recent decades, Zagros forests from western Iran have experienced dramatic changes in cover and structure. Conservation policies, on the other hand, have existed or are being implemented in these forests since 2002 to prevent deforestation. There is, however, the question on how effective were the conservation policies in preventing forest loss. The goal of this study was to analyze the effect of conservation policies in preventing forest loss, as well as to forecast their future effectiveness. Since the spatio-temporal changes in forest cover, land-use and its patterns occur in a non-linear way, this study was based on the use of Land Transformation Model (LTM). Using geographic information systems (GIS) and artificial neural networks (ANNs), this model forecasts future forest changes for the next 30 years. Three scenarios were used for this purpose, in which the input patterns included the years 2002-2012, 2002-2022, and 2012-2022. Based on these, deforestation was predicted for the next three decades using 14 variables. Assuming no changes in the implementation of conservation policies in the Zagros forests, the model was characterized by a consistent accuracy and indicated a projected pattern of increased deforestation over the next years in the region. In other words, by the ongoing conservation policies, the net deforestation overtakes net reforestation. It appears that to stop further forest degradation, Iran's Forestry Service decision-makers must implement improved forest conservation policies.

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Armed conflict and land-use changes: Insights from Iraq-Iran war in Zagros forests

Cited by 10 publications

References 54 publications

Identifying the factors affecting the willingness of villagers to participate in forest firefighting in Iran’s Zagros forests

Identifying the factors affecting the willingness of villagers to participate in forest firefighting in Iran’s Zagros forests

Impact of Iran’s Forest Nationalization Law on Forest Cover Changes over Six Decades: A Case Study of a Zagros Sparse Coppice Oak Forest

Evaluating the effect of ongoing conservation policies and forest cover changes in Iranian Zagros forests based on a Land Transformation Model: transition to forest or deforestation?

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