Are we overstressing water quality in urinary stone disease?

Singh, P. P.; Kiran, Ravi

doi:10.1007/bf02552251

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…One of the potential health effects of hard water that should be mentioned is the formation of urinary stones. However, some epidemiological studies did not confirm this relationship [62,63]. Currently there is no direct evidence that increased water hardness can cause adverse health effects [60], except for extremely high Mg water content (hundreds of mg·L −1 ) that cause diarrheal diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Calcium and Magnesium in Groundwater and Drinking Water on the Health of Inhabitants of the Slovak Republic

Rapant

Cvečková

Fajčíková

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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This work aims to evaluate the impact of the chemical composition of groundwater/drinking water on the health of inhabitants of the Slovak Republic. Primary data consists of 20,339 chemical analyses of groundwater (34 chemical elements and compounds) and data on the health of the Slovak population expressed in the form of health indicators (HI). Fourteen HIs were evaluated including life expectancy, potential years of lost life, relative/standardized mortality for cardiovascular and oncological diseases, and diseases of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. The chemical and health data were expressed as the mean values for each of the 2883 Slovak municipalities. Artificial neural network (ANN) was the method used for environmental and health data analysis. The most significant relationship between HI and chemical composition of groundwater was documented as Ca + Mg (mmol·L−1), Ca and Mg. The following limit values were set for these most significant groundwater chemical parameters: Ca + Mg 2.9–6.1 mmol·L−1, Ca 78–155 mg·L−1 and Mg 28–54 mg·L−1. At these concentration ranges, the health of the Slovak population is the most favorable and the life expectancy is the highest. These limit values are about twice as high in comparison to the current Slovak valid guideline values for drinking water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Calcium and Magnesium in Groundwater and Drinking Water on the Health of Inhabitants of the Slovak Republic

Rapant

Cvečková

Fajčíková

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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“…In 2010, the testing of water from Guam wells found a calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) content ranging from 172 to 610 ppm, from the Fena Reservoir at levels of 90 to 124 ppm, and from the Ugum Reservoir at 40 to 92 ppm [ 17 ]. Drinking hard water has been associated with an increased risk of developing calcium urinary stones in one study [ 23 ], but not in others [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In one study, drinking water from private wells as opposed to municipal water had an estimated relative risk of 1.5 ( p < 0.01) for urinary stone formation; the effect could not be associated with calcium, magnesium or sodium concentrations [ 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water hardness from public water supply systems is thought to be related to urinary stone disease, largely due to public perception. However, studies have not noted a link between water hardness or water quality and the incidence of urinary stone formation [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. One study identified an increased risk of urinary stone disease and consumption of water from private wells [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urolithiasis, Urinary Cancer, and Home Drinking Water Source in the United States Territory of Guam, 2006–2010

Haddock¹,

Olson

Backer

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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We reviewed patient records with a first-listed diagnosis of urolithiasis—also known as urinary tract or kidney stone disease, nephrolithiasis—upon discharge from Guam’s sole civilian hospital during 2006 to 2010 and urinary cancer mortality records from the Guam Cancer Registry for 1970 to 2009 to determine the source of municipal water supplied to the patients’ residence. The objective was to investigate a possible relationship between the sources of municipal water supplied to Guam villages and the incidence of urolithiasis and urinary cancer. We analyzed hospital discharge diagnoses of urolithiasis or renal calculi by calculating the incidence of first-mentioned discharge for urolithiasis or renal calculi and comparing rates across demographic or geographic categories while adjusting by age, sex, and ethnicity/race. We reviewed cancer registry records of urinary cancer deaths by patient residence. The annual incidence of hospitalization for urolithiasis was 5.22 per 10,000. Rates adjusted for sex or age exhibited almost no change. The rate of 9.83 per 10,000 among Chamorros was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the rates among any other ethnic group or race. When villages were grouped by water source, rates of patients discharged with a first-listed diagnosis of urolithiasis, adjusted for ethnicity/race, were similar for villages using either well water (5.44 per 10,000) or mixed source water (5.39 per 10,000), and significantly greater than the rate for villages using exclusively reservoir water (1.35 per 10,000). No statistically significant differences were found between the water source or village of residence and urinary cancer mortality. Some Guam residents living in villages served completely or partly by deep well water high in calcium carbonate may be at increased risk for urolithiasis compared with residents living in villages served by surface waters. Although the risk appears to be highest in villagers of Chamorro ethnicity, residents should be aware of other contributing risk factors and steps to take to avoid developing this health problem.

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“…En la región de Rockie la media de la DT fue 58 ppm, en la región de Carolina la DT fue de 13.3 ppm, comparada con nuestra media de DT de 485 ppm. 11,22 Aunque la Organización Mundial para la Salud no tiene valores de referencia recomienda 200 ppm como límite aceptable en la dureza total del agua empleada para consumo humano y 500 ppm como límite 24 La dureza total de todas las muestras de agua obtenidas en nuestro estudio excedió el límite aceptable establecido nacional e internacionalmente (200 ppm) y 20% de las muestras rebasaron el límite de tolerancia (500 ppm). Por otra parte, Kohri encontró una asociación positiva entre la relación magnesio/calcio del agua empleada para consumo humano y la prevalencia de los cálculos renales de estruvita en regiones de basalto y roca sedimentaria en Japón.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified