Are there paternal components in human milk?

Hassan, Ahmed; Taha, Zainab; Nafeesah, Abdullah Al; Adam, Ishag

doi:10.24911/sjp.106-1556954798

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Another possible mechanism for sex-associated differences in HM composition is microchimerism. This phenomenon involves the migration of a small population of fetal cells, and mature immunological and hematopoietic stem cells during pregnancy into the mother (45,46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Evidence for Sex‐specificity in Vitamins C, E, and Fatty Acid Content of Human Milk from Healthy Polish Mothers

Zagierski

Krukowska²,

Kawska

et al. 2021

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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Objectives: Human milk (HM) is a complex fluid that meets the nutritional needs of infants. Its composition is associated with environmental, maternal, and fetal variables. It provides nutrients and bioactive substances, including cytokines, immunoglobulins, and constituents with antioxidative properties. Boys are reportedly more susceptible to oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine the relationship between infant sex and the antioxidants vitamins C and E, and the fatty acid (FA) profile of HM. Results of this investigation may infer sex differences for the composition of infant formulas. Methods: Thirty days after delivery, a sample of HM was collected from 152 healthy, non-smoking mothers of full-term new-borns (77 males) born in good clinical condition. After FAs were extracted from the fat component, they were converted into methyl esters and separated using highperformance gas chromatography. Tocopherol content was determined using a method described in a previous study. Vitamin C content was determined using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, as described in the same study. Results: The study groups (male vs female offspring) did not differ in terms of vitamin and FA content in HM. The only difference found was in gondoic acid 20:1 (n-9), with a higher concentration in the HM of mothers with female offspring (mean 0.63 AE 0.18 vs 0.59 AE 0.15 g/100 g FA; P < 0.047). Conclusions: Despite the acknowledged differences in the composition of HM associated with infant sex and the increased oxidative stress in males, antioxidant content did not appear to differ according to infant sex. These results suggest that there is no need for the antioxidant content of infant formulas to be sex-specific.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Evidence for Sex‐specificity in Vitamins C, E, and Fatty Acid Content of Human Milk from Healthy Polish Mothers

Zagierski

Krukowska²,

Kawska

et al. 2021

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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“…When pregnant women are exposed to armed conflicts, they will face unsafe delivery and many adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, stillbirth, prematurity, and low birth weight. Regrettably, that is the fate of pregnant Sudanese women during this current war; moreover, war-related sexual and gender-based violence has been reported [ 55 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antenatal Care Services in Sudan Before and During the 2023 War: A Review Article

Abdelmola

2023

Cureus

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Antenatal care (ANC) is provided by skilled healthcare professionals to pregnant women to ensure the best health conditions for both mother and baby during pregnancy. It includes risk identification, prevention, management of pregnancy-related diseases, health education, and health promotion. Antenatal care has a great effect on vital health indicators such as maternal and neonatal mortality by identifying and treating pregnancy-related complications. Political instability and armed conflict have seriously affected the health system, which has catastrophic implications for pregnant women's health. This review aimed to summarize the literature on ANC in Sudan before and during political instability and war by highlighting its effect on maternal mortality, coverage, care providers, quality of care, accessibility, and utilization. Other aspects of this review are the ANC components and service provision during the war. In addition, the author tried to identify the gaps and point out the future research needs in Sudan. A total of 58 articles about ANC in Sudan have been reviewed through PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate databases, and other search tools. The keywords used were "antenatal care", "coverage", "service providers", "service quality", "accessibility and utilization", "components", and "ANC during the war". All the keywords were followed by "Sudan" to confine the search. According to the reviewed data, ANC services in Sudan, even during normal political situations, were not sufficient and of poor quality in most of the reviewed regions. The political instability and armed conflicts worsened the situation, and it became catastrophic. To improve the accessibility and quality of ANC services, we will need the collaboration of all stakeholders to address the health needs of vulnerable groups, people in remote rural areas, and nomadic communities towards providing the required health services in general and ANC in particular. On the other hand, an important aspect of this development is the availability of skilled healthcare providers and the adoption, revision, and updating of working procedure guidelines to match the needs of the local communities. The main shareholders are the local communities; they must be empowered and involved by raising their awareness. Then, effective, punctual, and applicable contingency plans should be ready for any unfortunate crises.

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Are there paternal components in human milk?

et al. 2019

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Breastfeeding is indeed the foundation for life and gives growing children a once-ina-lifetime opportunity to grow and develop to their full potential. There are considerable studies on the role of maternal contribution to human milk components. It would be very important and interesting to explore the existence of a paternal contribution into the composition of human milk. Proceeding on this track, there is an abundant evidence that supports the hypothesis of paternal contribution in human milk composition. This evidence could be strengthened by the fact that a small population of the fetal cells migrate during pregnancy and stay for long time in the maternal body. This phenomenon is known as microchimerism. It has been well documented that some of these cells are of mature immunological and hematopoietic stem cells character. As the fetal parts contain 50% from each parent, any fetal parts in the maternal body (i.e., fetal microchimerism) should contain paternal components as well. The paternal genetic material is more responsible for the determination of the fetal sex (female XX or male XY). The variations

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Are there paternal components in human milk?

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

No Evidence for Sex‐specificity in Vitamins C, E, and Fatty Acid Content of Human Milk from Healthy Polish Mothers

No Evidence for Sex‐specificity in Vitamins C, E, and Fatty Acid Content of Human Milk from Healthy Polish Mothers

Antenatal Care Services in Sudan Before and During the 2023 War: A Review Article

Are there paternal components in human milk?

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