Are “social drugs” (tobacco, coffee and chocolate) related to the bipolar spectrum?

A combined analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between bipolar disorder and tobacco smoking behaviors in adults

“…Table describes 51 samples of patients with bipolar disorder from 16 different countries. A total of 41,710 patients are described (45% were current smokers).…”

“…Supplementary Table 1 details our computer search, describing the excluded articles ( see Supplementary Data File #1 ) and the 55 articles on adults ( see Supplementary Data File #2 ) included in at least one of the data tables (Tables and Supplementary Tables 2–7 ). Forty‐eight of the 55 articles were obtained from a PubMed computer search and the remaining seven came from the senior author's collection . Twelve additional articles with data on bipolar disorder were included in the text of the present review but not in the data tables; 11 of these were from the PubMed search and one came from the senior author's collection .…”

Tea‐drinking habit among new university students: Associated factors

“…Daily caffeine intake, including green tea consumption was associated with a higher risk of mental ill health [10]. Maremmani et al [11] confirmed a link between bipolar spectrum and caffeine use. Steptoe et al [12] suggested that 6 weeks of tea consumption leads to greater subjective relaxation.…”

Different patterns of manic/hypomanic symptoms in depression: A pilot modification of the hypomania checklist-32 to assess mixed depression

“…In particular, item #29 (related to coffee intake) was significantly higher in class 2 compared to class 1 and 3. High caffeine consumption has been associated with manic symptoms in case reports (Ogawa and Ueki, 2003) and with bipolar spectrum disorders (Maremmani et al, 2011). This particular subgroup of mixed depression patients may be associated with higher coffee intake and thus higher rates of mixed symptoms.…”