Are Rainfall and Temperature Really Changing? Farmer’s Perceptions, Meteorological Data, and Policy Implications in the Tanzanian Semi-Arid Zone

Mkonda, Msafiri Yusuph; He, Xinhua

doi:10.3390/su9081412

Cited by 40 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The countries located in arid and semi-arid agro-ecological zone are more vulnerable than those with moderate climate. Besides, the intra-climate variations within each country pose diverse magnitude of the impacts [40][41][42][43][44][45].…”

Section: Crops Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Economic factors such as lack of assets and entitlement failure limit the capacity to adapt to dreadful conditions [6]. Entitlement failure of natural resources leads to degradation of common resources with little economic return [4,42,45]. Semi-arid areas of Tanzania and other vulnerable ecosystems in Africa experiences frequent food shortages due to the fore mentioned reasons.…”

Section: Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Again, the regulations should not conflict each other, instead, they altogether resolve the upsetting challenges. Lastly, in the situation where new challenges arise, new policy should be established to address the same [42,45].…”

Section: Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Yields of the Major Food Crops: Implications to Food Security and Policy in Tanzania’s Semi-Arid Agro-Ecological Zone

Mkonda

2017

Sustainability

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While Tanzania has been facing food shortage for some decades, little efforts have been made to elicit optimal crop yields. To limit this problem, there is a need for a robust agricultural policy that aims at stabilizing agricultural production and socio-economic entitlement among the farmers. The present study analyses the production trend of maize, sorghum and millet (i.e., staple food crops) under rain fed agriculture in Kongwa District, the semi-arid agro-ecological zone of Central Tanzania, and envisage their implications to food security and policy. We collected a set of crop data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries. In addition, 400 respondents were sampled randomly in the study area during household survey while a series of interviews and discussions were conducted mostly basing on the expertise. The Mann-Kendall Test and Microsoft excel (window 13) and theme content methods were employed for data analyses. The results showed that the production trends for maize, sorghum and millet yields have been decreasing at R 2 = 0.40, 0.35 and 0.11 respectively and this trend was supported by 80% of the respondents. This decrease was greatly influenced by the temporal decrease in the mean annual rainfall (R 2 = 0.21). The diminishing production trend has already decreased food security for 30% in the area. Since agricultural policy can be among the main sources of this poor yields, an explicit and sound agricultural policy should be the central aspect in planning and implementing agricultural activities.

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Section: Crops Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Yields of the Major Food Crops: Implications to Food Security and Policy in Tanzania’s Semi-Arid Agro-Ecological Zone

Mkonda

2017

Sustainability

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“…In addition, thousands of animals have died due to drought. This has been more pronounced in Tanzania, Kenya, and Ethiopia which experience semiarid climates [35]. The vulnerability has been more pronounced during critical areas due to limited livelihood options [36].…”

Section: Vulnerability Of Eastern Africa Region To Climate Changementioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Assessment of the Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation of Climate Change in Eastern Africa

Mkonda¹

2019

Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties

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The evidences that climate change (CC) is a real situation have been established by different scholars and international organizations. However, much of the vast and burgeoning literature on CC has indicated spatial differences on the impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation among different communities. On that basis, various studies have grouped Eastern Africa as the most affected region by CC and has the weakest capacity to adapt or/and mitigate the dreadful conditions posed by CC. This chapter attempts to indicate the socioeconomic vulnerability in eastern Africa that has been coupled by climate impacts. In doing so, a wide range of studies reflecting the region has been reviewed. The results exhibit that there has been a cause-effect relationship between anthropogenic activities and climate impacts. Although both natural and anthropogenic factors cause climate change, the latter is more pronounced in local conditions. The level of deforestation and degradation in most eastern Africa is exceedingly high and this has subsequently increased the emission of the top green greenhouse gases (CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O) into the atmosphere. Thus, the resolutions of various conference of parties on CC need to adhere by both developed and developing countries for the betterment of the planet.A Novel Assessment of the Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation of Climate Change in Eastern… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86850 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) through proper mitigation strategies for the sustainability of the planet [3]. Similarly, at the local level, the improved understanding among the farmers on the influence of climate on agricultural production is desirable for coping with actual and expected variations in both temperature and precipitation [12]. This will again curb an increasing number of undernourished people in the region.Therefore, climate resilience at the local level is potentially optimized by proper adaptation measures coupled by appropriate and affordable mitigation measures. This underpins the effects posed by the temporal changing weather and climate in the region. Thus, proper adaptation measures that mainly focus on the agro-ecosystems are particularly useful to meet the demands of the increasing population in the region rather than using the "slash and burn" practices [13]. Eventually, the majority of the population lack livelihood option due to entitlement failure [14].

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“…The Future Roles of Hydropower. Hydropower potential in the country has previously been affected by the decrease in an overall annual rainfall accompanied with intensified and prolonged dry and wet spells weather events, making the predictability of seasonal weather patterns more challenging [88,96]. Kichonge et al [28] have planned using Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impact (MESSAGE) which is bottom-up modeling approach to two scenarios both for future resource supply mix.…”

Section: Ghg Emissions Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Status and Future Prospects of Hydropower for Sustainable Water and Energy Development in Tanzania

Kichonge

2018

Journal of Renewable Energy

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Tanzania is among the countries with the fastest growing economy in Africa and therefore the need for affordable, clean, and most importantly sustainable electrical energy to meet her ever growing demands is pressing. In recent years, the country's electricity needs have been largely dominated by thermal generations despite the fact that Tanzania is gifted with huge hydropower resource potential approximated at 38,000 MW with only a very small portion exploited to date. However, the exploited potential is expected to grow by commissioning of identified large and medium-scale hydropower projects with a total installed capacity of 4,765 MW currently under various stages of implementation. Moreover, the geographical location of Tanzania has several benefits to support development of small hydropower projects essential for appropriate utilization of available water resources as a way of mitigating climate challenges effects. Over the last decade, the country electricity demand along with end-use of energy has witnessed significant increases as economic development spreads towards achieving Vision 2025 goals. Proposed hydropower developments are projected to have enormous benefits in the acceleration of economic growth while contributing to greenhouse gas emissions reduction. In this paper, hydropower, which is one of the domestic options for clean energy development path, its present and future potential status, and water resources are explored based on a comprehensive review of energy sector relevant documents and polices.

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Are Rainfall and Temperature Really Changing? Farmer’s Perceptions, Meteorological Data, and Policy Implications in the Tanzanian Semi-Arid Zone

Cited by 40 publications

References 28 publications

Yields of the Major Food Crops: Implications to Food Security and Policy in Tanzania’s Semi-Arid Agro-Ecological Zone

Yields of the Major Food Crops: Implications to Food Security and Policy in Tanzania’s Semi-Arid Agro-Ecological Zone

A Novel Assessment of the Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation of Climate Change in Eastern Africa

The Status and Future Prospects of Hydropower for Sustainable Water and Energy Development in Tanzania

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