Are medical procedures that induce coughing or involve respiratory suctioning associated with increased generation of aerosols and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection? A rapid systematic review

Abstract

The risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from aerosols generated by medical procedures is a cause for concern. This rapid systematic review aimed to evaluate the evidence for aerosol production and transmission of respiratory infection associated with procedures that involve airway suctioning or induce coughing/sneezing. The review was informed by PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted in PubMed for studies published between 1/1/2003 and 6/10/2020. Included studies examined whether nasogastric tube insertion, lung-function tests, nasoendoscopy, dysphagia assessment or suctioning for airway clearance result in aerosol generation or transmission of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS, or influenza. Risk of bias assessment assessed robustness of measurement, control for confounding and applicability to clinical practice. Eighteen primary studies and two systematic reviews were included. Three epidemiological studies found no association between nasogastric tube insertion and acquisition of respiratory infections. One simulation study found low/very low production of aerosols associated with pulmonary lung function tests. Seven simulation studies of endoscopic sinus surgery suggested significant increases in aerosols but findings were inconsistent, two clinical studies found airborne particles associated with the use of microdebriders/drills. Some simulation studies did not use robust measures to detect particles and are difficult to equate to clinical conditions. There was an absence of evidence to suggest that the procedures included in the review were associated with an increased risk of transmission of respiratory infection. In order to better target precautions to mitigate risk, more research is required to determine the characteristics of medical procedures and patients that increase the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

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“… 7. In vitro studies pointed out that several head and neck procedures, such as tracheostomy [16] , craniotomy/craniostomy 9 , nasogastric tube insertion, swallowing testing in dysphagia patients (including endoscopy and fluoroscopy), upper airway suctioning, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), cautery, and nasendoscopy [19] were not associated with an increase of transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 (LoE 5). 8.…”

“… 15 , 16 , 17 A Brazilian series showed an infection rate of 75% (15 of 20) among front-line CMF surgeons during April and June 2020, and the “post-COVID-19 syndrome” or “long COVID” persisted up to 5 months. [18] Experimental data, however, discarded the spread risk during several head and neck procedures, such as tracheostomy [16] , craniotomy/craniostomy 9 , nasogastric tube insertion, swallowing testing in dysphagia patients (including endoscopy and fluoroscopy), upper airway suctioning, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), cautery, and nasendoscopy [19] , if standard PPEs are used. Moreover, some techniques, e.g.…”

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