“…405,406 Numerous reports point to the inadequacy of pain management in trauma patients, particularly during the evaluation and resuscitation phases of care (Table 18.8). [407][408][409][410][411][412] Undertreatment of acute pain in trauma patients may have many causes, including lack of proper pain assessment, especially if the patient cannot report the pain; late or improper administration of analgesics; concerns about hemodynamics; fear that analgesia may interfere with the accurate diagnosis of injuries; the misconception that sleep automatically indicates the absence of pain; unfounded concerns that opioid use in the management of acute pain leads to addiction; and beliefs that trauma patients do not remember painful events. 409,413,414 Evidence indicates that untreated pain in trauma and critically ill patients has a negative impact on the physiologic stress response to injury and can contribute to the incidence of complications such as pulmonary dysfunction, thromboembolic phenomena, myocardial infarction, decreased immune function, and immobility.…”