Are Clinicians Contributing to Excess African American COVID-19 Deaths? Unbeknownst to Them, They May Be

Milam, Adam J.; Furr‐Holden, Debra; Edwards-Johnson, Jennifer; Webb, Birgete; Patton, John W.; Ezekwemba, Nnayereugo C; Porter, Lekiesha; Davis, TomMario; Chukwurah, Marius; Webb, Antonio J; Simon, Kevin M.; Franck, Geden; Anthony, Joshua R.; Onuoha, Gerald; Brown, Ivan W.; Carson, James Taylor; Stephens, Brent

doi:10.1089/heq.2020.0015

Cited by 57 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…We conclude from our study that structural disparities, not biology, continue to increase COVID‐19–related racial inequalities. In agreement with the findings of Laster Pirtle (2020) and Milam et al (2020), our study reveals the need for interventions to address social inequality among groups most at risk for unfair or unequal treatment. The racial disparities among essential workers in the United States that we highlight are a byproduct of longstanding systemic racism and structural inequalities, combined with a lack of public policy aimed at protecting the lives of essential workers who risk their lives daily to protect and/or provide for others.…”

Section: Conclusion and Policy Implicationssupporting

confidence: 92%

Racial Disparities in COVID‐19 Mortality Among Essential Workers in the United States

Rogers¹,

Rogers²,

VanSant-Webb³

et al. 2020

World Med & Health Policy

247

197

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Racial disparities are apparent in the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in the United States, yet the factors contributing to racial inequities in COVID‐19 mortality remain controversial. To better understand these factors, we investigated racial disparities in COVID‐19 mortality among America's essential workers. Data from the American Community Survey and Current Population Survey was used to examine the correlation between the prevalence of COVID‐19 deaths and occupational differences across racial/ethnic groups and states. COVID‐19 mortality was higher among non‐Hispanic (NH) Blacks compared with NH Whites, due to more NH Blacks holding essential‐worker positions. Vulnerability to coronavirus exposure was increased among NH Blacks, who disproportionately occupied the top nine essential occupations. As COVID‐19 death rates continue to rise, existing structural inequalities continue to shape racial disparities in this pandemic. Policies mandating the disaggregation of state‐level data by race/ethnicity are vital to ensure equitable and evidence‐based response and recovery efforts.

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Section: Conclusion and Policy Implicationssupporting

confidence: 92%

Racial Disparities in COVID‐19 Mortality Among Essential Workers in the United States

Rogers¹,

Rogers²,

VanSant-Webb³

et al. 2020

World Med & Health Policy

247

197

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is by now evident that racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 exist ( 4 , 5 , 14 , 37 ) and there are indications that COVID-19 severity might differ depending on one's neighborhood deprivation and socioeconomic status ( 38 – 40 ). These studies highlight the importance to further understand the impact of social position on immune system function.…”

Section: Markers Of Social Position and The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Disparities in COVID-19: Addressing the Role of Social Determinants of Health in Immune System Dysfunction to Turn the Tide

Baumer

Farmer

Premeaux

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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It is evident that health disparities exist during the COVID-19 pandemic, a pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Underlying reasons for COVID-19 health disparities are multi-factorial. However, social determinants, including those regarding socioeconomic status, social inequalities, health behaviors, and stress, may have implications on these disparities. Exposure to one or more of these social determinants is associated with heightened inflammatory responses, particularly increases in the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as immune system dysfunction. Thus, an amplified effect during COVID-19 could occur, potentially resulting in vulnerable patients experiencing an intensified cytokine storm due to a hyperactive and dysfunctional immune response. Further understanding how social determinants play a mechanistic role in COVID-19 disparities could potentially help reduce health disparities overall and in future pandemics.

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“…Blacks represent 29% of Chicago's overall population, but as of the first week of April 2020, they accounted for 70% of the COVID-19 deaths. During the same period, in the state of Michigan, blacks represent 14% of the population but 30% of the confirmed cases and 40% of the deaths 54 . The black population faces serious barriers to accessing health services and precarious housing and work conditions.…”

Section: The Unequal Distribution Of Deaths In International and Natimentioning

confidence: 99%

Desigualdades raciais e a morte como horizonte: considerações sobre a COVID-19 e o racismo estrutural

et al. 2020

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A incidência e mortalidade por COVID-19 em países com fortes desigualdades sociais se diferenciam em termos populacionais. Em países com histórico e tradição colonial como o Brasil, os marcadores sociais das diferenças têm profunda ancoragem na demarcação racial, sobre a qual agem as dinâmicas e os processos político-sociais fundados no racismo estrutural. Contrapõe-se a narrativas que propõem uma leitura sobre ser esta uma pandemia democrática, cujo argumento se alinha à retórica da democracia racial que corresponde a uma potente estratégia de manutenção do lugar de populações racializadas, como indígenas e negros, uma produção da colonialidade moderna. Este ensaio debruça sobre o comportamento da pandemia em relação à população negra no Brasil, em diálogo com aportes decoloniais e de leituras críticas sobre o racismo. Discutem-se respostas governamentais e indicadores da doença, segundo o quesito raça/cor, demonstrando a manutenção de tramas e enredos históricos que seguem vulnerabilizando e inviabilizando vidas negras. Aponta-se também para a importância de movimentos de resistência locais, operados a partir do lugar que esses sujeitos ocupam, os espaços urbanos precarizados por ação/omissão do Estado - as favelas.

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Are Clinicians Contributing to Excess African American COVID-19 Deaths? Unbeknownst to Them, They May Be

Cited by 57 publications

References 6 publications

Racial Disparities in COVID‐19 Mortality Among Essential Workers in the United States

Racial Disparities in COVID‐19 Mortality Among Essential Workers in the United States

Health Disparities in COVID-19: Addressing the Role of Social Determinants of Health in Immune System Dysfunction to Turn the Tide

Desigualdades raciais e a morte como horizonte: considerações sobre a COVID-19 e o racismo estrutural

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