Architecture for portable direct liquid fuel cells

Qian, Weimin; Wilkinson, David P.; Shen, Jun; Wang, Haijiang; Zhang, Jiujun

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.019

Cited by 207 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Fuel cells powered by small organic molecules (SOMs) such as methanol, ethanol and formic acid have rapidly progressed due to rising energy demands, depletion of fuel reserves and environmental pollution issues [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells based on SOMs are promising, in particular, for application in portable electronic devices [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells based on SOMs are promising, in particular, for application in portable electronic devices [1,2]. Among SOMs, formic acid has gained special interest as a fuel for direct formic acid fuels cells (DFAFC), because of good power densities, high performance at relatively low temperature [7], and lower crossover rate through the Nafion membranes compared with methanol [2][3][4][5][6]. The latter phenomenon is a significant issue limiting the cell performance of a fuel cell based on SOMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bismuth‐Coated Mesoporous Platinum Microelectrodes as Sensors for Formic Acid Detection

2011

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Mesoporous platinum microeletrodes (MPtEs) modified by sub-monolayers of irreversibly adsorbed bismuth (BiMPtE) were investigated for their potential use as sensors for the detection of formic acid in direct formic acid fuel cells. The mesoporous platinum films were prepared by electrodeposition of platinum on Pt microdisks substrates 25 mm diameter, from hexachloroplatinic acid dissolved in the aqueous domain of the lyotropic liquid crystalline phase of octaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether. The roughness factor (RF) of the MPtEs was about two orders of magnitude greater than those of the corresponding polished microelectrodes. Bismuth ad-atoms onto the platinum surface were deposited by under potential deposition from 1 mM Bi 3 + ions in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solutions. The catalytic activity of a series of Bi-MPtEs, characterized by different roughness and fractional bismuth coverage (q Bi ), towards the oxidation of HCOOH, was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and potential step experiments. Compared to MPtEs, Bi-MPtEs displayed enhanced electrooxidation currents at lower potentials. The stability of irreversibly adsorbed bismuth, and consequently the Bi-MPtEs catalytic activity, was found to depend on the high potential limit employed in the measurements. In general, both electrode stability and electrocatalytic performance were good, provided that the operational potential was kept 0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Bi-MPtEs with q Bi > 0.3 provided almost sigmoidal shaped waves with low hysteresis, as those expected for microelectrodes working under steady state. The effect of concentration of HCOOH was investigated over the range 0.01-5 M, and linearity between current and concentration depended on both roughness factor and bismuth coverage. A Bi-MPtE characterised by RF = 210 and q Bi ! 0.6 provided linearity up to 2 M of formic acid. Reproducibility of the sensors was within 2 % (RSD). The same sensor, under the optimized experimental conditions, could be employed for at least two months with negligible loss of the initial performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bismuth‐Coated Mesoporous Platinum Microelectrodes as Sensors for Formic Acid Detection

2011

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“…This technology provides intriguing applications in portable energy sources [14,15] and has attracted increasing attention in recent years. [16][17][18][19] Such energy-conversion systems require highly efficient electrocatalysts to trigger the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that occurs at the fuel cell's cathode.…”

Section: Conducting-polymer-based Catalysts For Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conducting‐Polymer‐Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage

Wang

Kong

et al. 2017

Advanced Materials

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and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The highly conjugated polymer chains can be reversibly assigned electrochemical properties by a doping/dedoping process. [9][10][11] By regulating and controlling the level of doping, their conductivities can be tuned in a wide range, from 10 −10 to 10 4 S cm, spanning the entire range from insulators to semiconductors, to conductors. [12,13] Additionally, these conducting polymers retain the advantages of traditional polymers, such as low cost, convenient preparation, good affinity to many other materials, and high flexibility and durability. Recently, great efforts have been made to exploit the applications of conducting polymers as electrocatalysts for fuel cells and as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Considering the rapidly booming efforts undertaken in this cutting-edge research area, it is necessary to highlight the new discoveries and achievements in the past several years. Here, we introduce the latest advances in conducting-polymer-based materials for fuel cells and supercapacitors, and focus on the strategies employed to improve their electrocatalytic and electrochemical performance. Conducting-Polymer-Based Catalysts for Fuel CellsFuel cells are promising green energy-conversion devices that convert chemical energy of various fuels directly into electric energy under electrochemical redox reactions. This technology provides intriguing applications in portable energy sources [14,15] and has attracted increasing attention in recent years. [16][17][18][19] Such energy-conversion systems require highly efficient electrocatalysts to trigger the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that occurs at the fuel cell's cathode. Platinum/ carbon (Pt/C) composite is demonstrated to be the most efficient catalyst used for fuel cells. [20][21][22] However, high price, scarcity, poor utilization efficiency, and easy carbon monoxide poisoning greatly limit its commercial applications. [23] Therefore, development of low-cost, stable, and efficient electrocatalysts for ORR is a major challenge in the field of fuel cells. [24][25][26][27][28] Owing to their highly tunable conductivity, good electrocatalytic activity, and satisfactory electrochemical stability, conducting polymers are considered to be promising electrocatalyst materials for the ORR. [29] Initially, conducting-polymer-based electrodes were fabricated through direct casting of neutral To alleviate the current energy crisis and environmental pollution, sustainable and ecofriendly energy conversion and storage systems are urgently needed. Due to their high conductivity, promising catalytic activity, and excellent electrochemical properties, conducting polymers have been attracting intense attention for use in electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Here, the latest advances regarding the utilization of conducting polymers for fuel cells and supercapacitors are introduced. The strategies employed to improve the electrocatalytic and electrochemical performances of conducting-polymerbased materials are prese...

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“…A direct NH 3 fuel cell operated between 200 and 450 C, and a direct carbon fuel cell operated at >600 C were also reported using molten salt consisting of KOH and molten alkaline electrolyte, respectively. 105 They compared passive/active fuel/oxidant supply, and liquid fuel and vapour fuel feed systems. The unit cell and stack architectures, as well as various flow field configurations, were also reviewed.…”

Section: Static Electrolyte Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on analysing the challenges on different architectures, they concluded that the active supply fuel cell system was preferred for larger fuel cells, while the passive system was better for portable applications. 105 These analyses are also applicable to liquid DOAFC systems.…”

Section: Static Electrolyte Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct oxidation alkaline fuelcells: from materials to systems

Wang

Krewer

et al. 2012

Energy Environ. Sci.

237

153

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Direct oxidation alkaline fuel cells (DOAFCs) possess particular advantages on the possibility of employing low cost non-noble metal catalysts. A wide range of fuels can be used due to superior reaction kinetics in alkaline media. The development of DOAFCs was hindered by the carbonation of electrolyte due to the presence of CO 2 . The application of the anion exchange membrane (AEM) provides the possibility of reducing the effect of carbonation and fuel crossover which is an issue in the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The latest developments in alkaline fuel cells are examined in this paper, considering different types of fuels, novel catalysts and anion exchange membranes. Moreover, alkaline fuel cell systems and configurations are studied, particularly the new designs for portable or microelectronic devices. Further development of DOAFCs will rely on novel AEMs with good ionic conductivity and stability, low cost non-Pt catalysts with high activity and good stability for various fuels and oxidant. We envisage that DOAFCs will play a major role in energy research and applications in the near future.

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Architecture for portable direct liquid fuel cells

Cited by 207 publications

References 37 publications

Bismuth‐Coated Mesoporous Platinum Microelectrodes as Sensors for Formic Acid Detection

Bismuth‐Coated Mesoporous Platinum Microelectrodes as Sensors for Formic Acid Detection

Conducting‐Polymer‐Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage

Direct oxidation alkaline fuelcells: from materials to systems

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