Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas in reduce drought stress damage in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): a field study

Abstract

Drought stress, which is one of the most serious world environmental threats to crop production, might be compensated by some free living and symbiotic soil microorganisms. The physiological response of flax plants to inoculation with two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Funneliformis mosseae or Rhizophagus intraradices) and a phosphate solubilizing bacterium (Pseudomonas putida P13; PSB) was evaluated under different irrigation regimes (irrigation after 60, 120, and 180 mm of evaporation from Class A pan as well-watered, mild, and severe stress, respectively). A factorial (three factors) experiment was conducted for 2 years (2014-2015) based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Urmia University, Urmia, located at North-West of Iran (37° 39' 24.82″ N44° 58' 12.42″ E). Water deficit decreased biomass, showing that flax was sensitive to drought, and AM root colonization improved the performance of the plant within irrigation levels. In all inoculated and non-inoculated control plants, leaf chlorophyll decreased with increasing irrigation intervals. Water deficit-induced oxidative damage (hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage) were significantly reduced in dual colonized plants. All enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase) and non-enzymatic (glutathione, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids) antioxidants were reduced by water-limiting irrigation. Dual inoculated plants with AM plus Pseudomonas accumulated more enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants than plants with bacterial or fungal inoculation singly. Dual colonized plants significantly decreased the water deficit-induced glycine betaine and proline in flax leaves. These bacterial-fungal interactions in enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense of flax plants demonstrated equal synergism with both AM fungi species. In conclusion, increased activity of enzymatic antioxidants and higher production of non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds in symbiotic association with bacteria and mycorrhiza can alleviate reactive oxygen species damage resulting in improve water stress tolerance.

Effect of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Sesame Productivity Under Water Stress in Low-Input Agriculture System

“…These results were consistent with the results of Gholinezhad et al (2009). Under normal irrigation biological yield enhanced by single AMF and PSB inoculation that is similar to dual colonization (Rahimzadeh and Pirzad, 2017). In our study, by increasing the intensity of water deficit, RWC decreased significantly.…”

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhanced the growth, yield, fiber quality and phosphorus regulation in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

“…The growth and P content of the invasive species R. laciniata and S. gigantean were enhanced by AMF 2 . The accumulation of P in the leaves of the plants inoculated with both fungi was higher than that of the plants inoculated only with bacteria and the control 5 . Phosphorus also inhibits AMF colonization in roots by inhibiting the expression of plant symbiotic genes, especially genes encoding carotenoids and lactones biosynthesis enzymes, as well as symbiotic related phosphorus transporters 45 .…”

“…AMF population abundance and diversity in the farmland soil can be reduced by the current agricultural activities, increasing the amount of time required to establish functional mycorrhiza 33 . Previous studies have indicated that the important effect of inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi on P uptake 3,36 and crop growth [1][2][3][4][5] , depended on early colonization. The introduction of vibrant AMF symbiotic microbes may help establish mycorrhiza earlier than the indigenous AMF populations would become established.…”

“…In this study, a single strain of one AMF species, Rhizophagus irregularis (synonym G. irregulare) CD1, which exhibits substantial flexibility and adapts to different environment was used. However, particularly in P-rich soils [41][42][43][44] and under highly stressful conditions 5,56 , Rhizophagus irregularis CD1 may still be limited to specific agricultural conditions. In conclusion, in our current study, we showed that the use of biofertilizer (AMF) in farmland is benefit for sustainable agriculture with two reasons: (a) chemical fertilization reduction and (b) enhancement of the yield and cotton fiber quality.…”

Composition of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community and changes in diversity of the rhizosphere of Clematis fruticosa over three seasons across different elevations

“…Currently, there is a general consensus concerning the acceleration of trends and patterns of degradation, which are affected by global warming and intensive human activities (Reynolds et al, 2007). Recently, increasing experimental evidence has corroborated these trends and emphasized the role of mycorrhizal symbioses in sustaining vegetation cover in arid and semiarid regions (Rahimzadeh & Pirzad, 2017;Sun, Shi, & Ding, 2017).…”