Arbovirus Infection in a Murray Valley Comunity

Fraser, J. R. E.; Christie, David; Gust, Ian D.; White, John R.; Leach, Richard P.; Macaulay, Ewan; Ahern, A. P.; Alexander, Jessy J.; Jones, Jefferson M.; Lung, D. Y. L.; Moore, Frances M.; Moysey, C. D.; Phillips, Peter J.; Pryor, I.

doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1986.tb01116.x

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…MVEV can cause encephalitis, resulting in permanent neurological sequelae or death 2,3 . The case fatality rate in clinical cases has been as high as 20%, with 40% of survivors experiencing permanent neurological sequelae 4,5 .…”

Section: Mvev and Kunv Seroepidemiological Studies In Victoria And Nsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low seroprevalence of Murray Valley Encephalitis and Kunjin viruses in an opportunistic serosurvey, Victoria 2011

Williams¹,

Richards

Faddy

et al. 2013

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Objective: To assess evidence of recent and past exposure to Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) and West Nile clade Kunjin virus (KUNV) in residents of the Murray Valley, Victoria, during a period of demonstrated activity of both viruses in early 2011. Methods: A cross‐sectional serosurvey using two convenience samples: stored serum specimens from a diagnostic laboratory in Mildura and blood donors from the Murray Valley region. Specimens were collected between April and July 2011. The main outcome measure was total antibody (IgM and IgG) reactivity against MVEV and KUNV measured using an enzyme immunoassay and defined as inhibiting binding of monoclonal antibodies by >50%, when compared to negative controls. Evidence of recent exposure was measured by the presence of MVEV and KUNV IgM detected by immunofluorescence. Results: Of 1,115 specimens, 24 (2.2%, 95% CI 1.3–3.0%) were positive for MVEV total antibody, and all were negative for MVEV IgM. Of 1,116 specimens, 34 (3.1%, 95% CI 2.0–4.0%) were positive for KUNV total antibody, and 3 (0.27%) were KUNV IgM positive. Total antibody seroprevalence for both viruses was higher in residents born before 1974. Conclusions: Despite widespread MVEV and KUNV activity in early 2011, this study found that seroprevalence of antibodies to both viruses was low (<5%) and little evidence of recent exposure. Implications: Our findings suggest both viruses remain epizootic in the region and local residents remain potentially susceptible to future outbreaks.

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Section: Mvev and Kunv Seroepidemiological Studies In Victoria And Nsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low seroprevalence of Murray Valley Encephalitis and Kunjin viruses in an opportunistic serosurvey, Victoria 2011

Williams¹,

Richards

Faddy

et al. 2013

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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“…Different seroconversion rates were used for Australian and NZ residents because individuals entering an endemic area from riskfree populations have been shown to have higher seroconversion rates than local residents. 32 From two large studies, 30,31 the seroconversion rate for NZ visitors was estimated to range between 1.0% and 1.7% per year. These rates were estimated using the 0-29 age-specific data as this represents the largely non-immune population.…”

Section: Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious Disease: The risk of Ross River and Barmah Forest virus disease in Queensland: Implications for New Zealand

Kelly-Hope

Kay

Purdie

et al. 2002

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Objectives: To describe the incidence of Ross River (RR) and Barmah Forest (BF) virus disease in Queensland and determine the risk of importation of RR virus from Queensland into New Zealand (NZ) via viraemic travellers. Methods: Based on routine RR and BF virus notification data of seven major urban tropical and subtropical Queensland populations, incidence rates adjusted for age, sex, season and a baseline level of immunity were used to examine the annual and seasonal risk of disease in the specific populations and selected subgroups. The risk for NZ was determined by estimating the number of infections among major visitor groups travelling from Queensland to NZ, using seroconversion rates. Results: In Queensland, annual rates of RR and BF virus disease ranged between 31.5-288.3 and 3.4-37.4/100,000 person years respectively and increased to between 48.4-423.5 and 3.8-40.4/100,000 person years at risk when adjusted for immunity. Our estimates indicate that more than 100 viraemic travellers may enter NZ from Queensland each year. Estimates were greatest among New Zealanders returning home. Conclusions and implications:Usefulness of notification data could be maximised by presenting more detailed information to the local governments responsible for the control and public health awareness of these pathogens. Given the high number of viraemic persons entering NZ, the abundance of possums and the emergence of Oc. camptorhynchus, transmission of RR virus within NZ is probable. Health authorities should prepare for a virgin soil epidemic of RR virus by initiating serological and clinical surveillance in key areas, enhance public and professional awareness and elevate national resources necessary to invoke emergency vector control and case management.

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“…Blood donor studies underrepresent children and may overestimate population antibody prevalence. Even in the one published study in which random, populationbased sampling was used, children were underrepresented (61). Passive surveillance of submitted diagnostic sera, used in two of the surveys (44,151), probably overestimated antibody prevalence, but this would depend on the symptomatology being investigated and the prevalence of other infections in the population sampled.…”

Section: Antibody Prevalence Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only one survey used a formal population-based sampling scheme (61). The others used convenience samples, such as blood donors or patients with suspected virus or arbovirus infection (151,215).…”

Section: Antibody Prevalence Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ross River Virus Transmission, Infection, and Disease: a Cross-Disciplinary Review

2001

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SUMMARY Ross River virus (RRV) is a fascinating, important arbovirus that is endemic and enzootic in Australia and Papua New Guinea and was epidemic in the South Pacific in 1979 and 1980. Infection with RRV may cause disease in humans, typically presenting as peripheral polyarthralgia or arthritis, sometimes with fever and rash. RRV disease notifications in Australia average 5,000 per year. The first well-described outbreak occurred in 1928. During World War II there were more outbreaks, and the name epidemic polyarthritis was applied. During a 1956 outbreak, epidemic polyarthritis was linked serologically to a group A arbovirus (Alphavirus). The virus was subsequently isolated from Aedes vigilax mosquitoes in 1963 and then from epidemic polyarthritis patients. We review the literature on the evolutionary biology of RRV, immune response to infection, pathogenesis, serologic diagnosis, disease manifestations, the extraordinary variety of vertebrate hosts, mosquito vectors, and transmission cycles, antibody prevalence, epidemiology of asymptomatic and symptomatic human infection, infection risks, and public health impact. RRV arthritis is due to joint infection, and treatment is currently based on empirical anti-inflammatory regimens. Further research on pathogenesis may improve understanding of the natural history of this disease and lead to new treatment strategies. The burden of morbidity is considerable, and the virus could spread to other countries. To justify and design preventive programs, we need accurate data on economic costs and better understanding of transmission and behavioral and environmental risks.

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Arbovirus Infection in a Murray Valley Comunity

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

Low seroprevalence of Murray Valley Encephalitis and Kunjin viruses in an opportunistic serosurvey, Victoria 2011

Low seroprevalence of Murray Valley Encephalitis and Kunjin viruses in an opportunistic serosurvey, Victoria 2011

Infectious Disease: The risk of Ross River and Barmah Forest virus disease in Queensland: Implications for New Zealand

Ross River Virus Transmission, Infection, and Disease: a Cross-Disciplinary Review

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