Arachidonic acid, arachidonic/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio, stearidonic acid and eicosanoids are involved in dietary-induced albinism in Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis)

Abstract

Senegal sole larvae were fed live prey enriched with different amounts of arachidonic acid (ARA,) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) to reevaluate the effect of these two fatty acids on flatfish pigmentation. Echium oil, a plant derived oil rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) was also used as a component of one of the enrichment emulsions. Although ARA content did not have any effect on growth there was a clear influence on pigmentation that correlated clearly with prostaglandin production. Inclusion of Echium oil, on the contrary, exerted a positive effect on pigmentation rate even though dietary ARA levels were as high as in the other emulsions. The relationships between dietary ARA levels and dietary ARA/EPA ratio, prostaglandin production and pigmentation are discussed.3

Cortisol response to air exposure in Solea senegalensis post-larvae is affected by dietary arachidonic acid-to-eicosapentaenoic acid ratio

“…In principle, an important shift in dietary ARA/EPA ratios could thus compromise the overall physiological condition of the fish including its health status and stress coping capacity. Moreover, in Senegalese sole in particular, high dietary ARA levels were found to be linked to albinism (Villalta et al 2005a(Villalta et al , 2008a, although in this study no incidence of malpigmentation was noted for any of the experimental groups, as this effect may be most predominant during the premetamorphosis period (Lund et al 2008).…”

“…However, lipid nutrition studies in this species have warned against excessive lipid supply in juveniles (Borges et al 2009;Campos et al 2010) as well as in larvae, especially in the triacylglyceride form, which can affect dietary fatty acid utilization ). Research on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) requirements suggests that, up to 35-40 days after hatch (DAH), Senegalese sole have a low need for their dietary provision as growth was not affected in various dose-response studies, under optimized rearing conditions (Villalta et al 2005a(Villalta et al , b, 2008b; however, specific LC-PUFA, namely arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), have commanded some attention due to their involvement in skin pigmentation development (Villalta et al 2005a(Villalta et al , 2008a. Despite low requirements for LC-PUFA, several of the above-mentioned studies show these are in general selectively retained in sole tissues.…”

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Dietary-Induced Pseudo-Albinism during Post-Embryonic Development of Solea senegalensis (Kaup, 1858)

“…Enriched Artemia metanauplii were supplied to larvae from 8 to 60 dph twice a day, at increasing density from 0.5 to 12 metanauplii ml −1 according to the increase of weight of the larvae and to the daily food ration [49]. From 20 dph onwards, when larvae were settled at the bottom of the tank, enriched Artemia metanauplii were supplied frozen [18].…”

“…The genetics of pigmentation have been explored in several model teleost fish including zebrafish [7], [8], medaka [9], fugu [10], goldfish [11], [12] and, recently, in flatfish [13], [14], [15]. Flatfish are particularly useful to analyze the origin of pigmentation disorders during the ontogeny because altered pigmentation can be induced under intensive rearing conditions [16], [17], [18], [19]. Senegalese sole is a flatfish species known to develop pseudo-albinism when fed high levels of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) during their development [17].…”

The effect of dietary oxidized lipid levels on growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, intestinal lipid deposition and skeletogenesis in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae

“…. metanauplii enriched with a non-oxidized emulsion until the end of the trial (35 dph), at increasing density from 0.5 to 12 metanauplii mL À1 , adjusted based upon the increase in weight of the larvae and on the daily food ration described by Cañavate et al (2006). From 19 dph onwards, when larvae began to settle to the bottom of the tank, enriched Artemia metanauplii were supplied frozen, following the method of Morais et al (2005) and Villalta et al (2008).…”