Arabinogalactan Proteins From Baobab and Acacia Seeds Influence Innate Immunity of Human Keratinocytes In Vitro

Abstract

Plant derived arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) were repeatedly confirmed as immunologically as well as dermatologically active compounds. However, little is currently known regarding their potential activity toward skin innate immunity. Here, we extracted and purified AGP from acacia (Acacia senegal) and baobab (Adansonia digitata) seeds to investigate their biological effects on the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line in an in vitro system. While AGP from both sources did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect, AGP from acacia seeds enhanced cell viability. Moreover, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that AGP extracted from both species induced a substantial overexpression of hBD-2, TLR-5, and IL1-α genes. These data suggest that plant AGP, already known to control plant defensive processes, could also modulate skin innate immune responses. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2558-2568, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Potential Synergistic Action of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts against Skin Infecting Microorganisms

“…A study performed on human keratinocytes treated with bark of Rauvolfia nukuhivensis indicated that this extract inhibits keratinocyte hyperproliferation upon stimulation with IL-22 [48]. Another study also conducted on keratinocytes treated with arabinogalactan proteins derived from Acacia senegal and Adansonia digitata seeds showed upregulation of IL-1β genes, associated with inflammation [49]. An in vitro study on guinea pig skin showed that Sinapis alba L. (white mustard) administration is responsible for a reduction in LCs density and enhanced the release of IL-1 and TNF-α [50].…”

Inventory of human-edible products from native Acacia sensu lato in Africa, America, and Asia: Spotlight on Senegalia seeds, overlooked wild legumes in the arid tropics

“…The 15 and 22 kDa peptides have been identified as Kunitz-type inhibitors of serine proteinases (including trypsin, chymotrypsin, coagulation cascade proteinases, immune complement activators), potent antithrombotic agents (Lopes et al, 2009;Odei-Addo et al, 2014;Salu et al, 2018), fungicides (Lopes et al, 2009), and insecticides (Babu & Subrahmanyam, 2010;Machado et al, 2013). Besides, Zahid et al (2017) isolated a high molecular weight arabinogalactan protein (411 kDa) from S. Senegal seeds and showed it modulates skin innate immune responses. Though, those bioactive proteins from Senegalia seeds may be sensitive to processing and digestion, there are some scientific evidence they could escape and elicit health benefits (e.g., suppression of colorectal cancer, prevention of thromboembolism, modulation of gut microbiota and immunity) (Kårlund et al, 2019(Kårlund et al, , 2021Lee et al, 2021).…”

“Probe, Sample, and Instrument (PSI)”: The Hat-Trick for Fluorescence Live Cell Imaging

“…Rhodamines were modified to improve their photostability and their ability to internalize in cells (Figure 16A). [133,134,201] plant primary cell wall isolated cell/organ/organism click chemistry azide or alkyl monosaccharide [135,137,197,200] plant secondary cell wall isolated cell/organ/organism click chemistry azide or alkyl monolignol [198] Cellular activity potential membrane activity isolated cell permeation JC-1 [160] ionic indicator isolated cell or multi cell layers permeation fluo-4 (Ca 2+ ), SBFI (Na 2+ ), Fluo-Zin, KMG-20/27 [151][152][153][154][156][157][158] ionic indicator multilayers, organ permeation oregon green (Ca 2+ ) [176,177] ROS detection isolated cell or multi cell layers permeation H2DCFDA, RedocSensor, SiR-NO, . .…”

“…. [160][161][162][163] caspase activity isolated cell or multi cell layers permeation FITC-ZVAD-FMK [110] plamid contruction/Biosensors isolated cell transfection GFP family or derivative protein [140,165] plamid contruction/Biosensors organ/organism transfection by electroporation GFP family or derivative protein [181,189,190] pathway signal transduction isolated cell infection (bacculovirus)…”

“…When mitochondrial membrane potential is low (depolarization), JC-1 has predominantly a monomer form and emits green fluorescence with a peak of emission at 530 nm [159]. Cell metabolism is also followed by monitoring cellular stress revealed by organic probes (H2DCFDA, Luminol, RedocSensor, MTT) for reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection [160,161], boronobenzo[b]quinolizinium derivatives for H 2 O 2 [162], Si-rhodamine deoxylactam-based near-infrared fluorescent probe for nitric oxide (NO) [163], or by determining apoptosis with fluorescent marker fluorescein isothiocyanate carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone (FITC-VAD-FMK) for the detection of caspase activity [110]. The combination of a cell-permeant fluorescent polymer thermometer called NN-AP2.5, which notably consists of a thermosensitive poly(N-n-propylacrylamide) unit, with FLIM leads to intracellular temperature monitoring between 28 • C and 38 • C in Hela cells [164].…”