Aqueous solution discharge of cylindrical lithium-ion cells

Shaw-Stewart, James; Alvarez-Reguera, Anna; Greszta, Agata; Marco, James; Masood, Maryam; Sommerville, Roberto; Kendrick, Emma

doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2019.e00110

Cited by 37 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, it should be noted that metal contaminants (especially Al and Fe) were leached in solution, mostly originating from corrosion on the metal casing. To address this, Shaw‐Stewart et al assessed LIB discharge in various salt compositions, demonstrating that halide (containing Cl − , Br − , or I − ) and acidic (pH < 4, eg, NaHSO 4 − ) salts cause rapid corrosion of the battery casing, and highly alkaline (pH > 12) salts can perforate the casing . This leads to hazards from leakage that can generate HF acid if LiPF 6 is present (LiPF 6 + H 2 O → LiF + POF 3 + 2HF).…”

Section: Pretreatment Of Lib Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

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Section: Pretreatment Of Lib Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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“…Analogue to containers, emergency pits can be established at dedicated locations, e.g., at designated areas of recycling companies that serve the same purpose as a container, but are stationary. When flooded with water, the chemical energy of the storage is released over time, due to corrosion of the metals and self-discharge [82]. However, these processes can take several days and are not suited for road traffic fires [69].…”

Section: Towing From the Accident Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Crashed Electric Vehicle Handling and Recommendations—State of the Art in Germany

et al. 2021

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In the near future, electric powered vehicles will represent a major part of the road traffic. Accordingly, there will be a natural increase of accidents involving electric vehicles. There are not many cases of such accidents yet and therefore the experience and correct handling are still partially open points for the involved parties, such as the rescue services for example. The aim of this work is to provide a complete overview of the accident handling sequence in Germany, starting with the damaged vehicle on site and moving on to the risks and challenges for the stakeholders, such as transport and recycling companies. Arising from the developed overview, a handling recommendation for yet undiscussed points is given. Especially, different extinguishing and deactivation methods are compared and discussed. Due to a lack of a common live-feed from battery data on site, other criteria have to be taken into account to assess the state of the battery. The wrecked vehicle—including the high voltage system—needs to be in a definite safe state at the handover to a towing service. Depending on the case, different options for securing the vehicle will be considered in this work.

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“…Various methods for discharging were subject of the research project LithoRec II [10,18,63], whereas discharging using an external circuit with resistor is the most common and a practical method for large battery cells with high capacities [16,71]. In addition, cells are discharged in salt brines [9,[72][73][74], in powders from metallic conductor foils or graphite [75], or in stainless-steel containers with stainless-steel chips [70]. Especially, when using brines, undesired side reactions are also mentioned leading to corrosion of electrical contacts or housing components as well as to the release of hydrogen [10,31,75] or other gases [9].…”

Section: Depollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Especially, when using brines, undesired side reactions are also mentioned leading to corrosion of electrical contacts or housing components as well as to the release of hydrogen [10,31,75] or other gases [9]. The discharge in salt brines (mainly NaCl) in particular is currently a common method for discharging for low capacity batteries [70,74]. If high voltage batteries are discharged, this method can lead to leaks in the battery housing and has its limits regarding to discharging process and efficiency as well as contamination of electrode materials [75].…”

Section: Depollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Chain for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Werner

Peuker

Mütze

2020

Metals

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The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is becoming increasingly important with regard to environmental, economic, geostrategic, and health aspects due to the increasing amount of LIB produced, introduced into the market, and being spent in the following years. The recycling itself becomes a challenge to face on one hand the special aspects of LIB-technology and on the other hand to reply to the idea of circular economy. In this paper, we analyze the different recycling concepts for spent LIBs and categorize them according to state-of-the-art schemes of waste treatment technology. Therefore, we structure the different processes into process stages and unit processes. Several recycling technologies are treating spent lithium-ion batteries worldwide focusing on one or several process stages or unit processes.

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Aqueous solution discharge of cylindrical lithium-ion cells

Cited by 37 publications

References 23 publications

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Crashed Electric Vehicle Handling and Recommendations—State of the Art in Germany

Recycling Chain for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

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