Aqueous polymerization of acrylamide initiated by cerium(IV)-nitrilotriacetic acid redox initiator

Hsu, Wei‐Chou; Chen, C.-Y.; Kuo, Jimmy; Wu, E.

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(94)90885-0

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The PAN- b -PEG- b -PAN copolymer was prepared by redox copolymerization of acrylonitrile (Fluka, Switzerland) with PEG ( M n = 5000 g mol –1 ; Alfa Aesar, UK) at feed molar ratios (AN/(equivalent OH of PEG)) of 30, 70, 150, and 300. Polymerization was conducted by mixing acrylonitrile with an 8.6 wt % PEG aqueous solution in a nitrogen atmosphere at 40 °C for 6 h with ceric ammonium nitrate (Showa, Japan) as an initiator (the molar ratio of the Ce(IV)/equivalent OH of PEG was 2). , The polymerization product was precipitated and purified by consecutively mixing with deionized water (200 mL) and acetone (200 mL). This precipitation–purification process was conducted for three times.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polymerization was conducted by mixing acrylonitrile with an 8.6 wt % PEG aqueous solution in a nitrogen atmosphere at 40 °C for 6 h with ceric ammonium nitrate (Showa, Japan) as an initiator (the molar ratio of the Ce(IV)/equivalent OH of PEG was 2). 33,34 The polymerization product was precipitated and purified by consecutively mixing with deionized water (200 mL) and acetone (200 mL). This precipitation−purification process was conducted for three times.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Synergistic Effect of Nitrile and Ether Functionalities for Gel Electrolytes Used in Supercapacitors

Hsueh

Huang

et al. 2013

J. Phys. Chem. C

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This study examines the linear triblock copolymer design of poly(acrylonitrile)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN-b-PEG-b-PAN) for a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) swollen with dimethylformamide dissolving LiClO 4 . The study demonstrates the synergistic effect of the nitrile and ether functionalities in facilitating ion transport in the carbon films of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). A GPE with a tuned AN/EG ratio exhibits ionic conductivity at approximately 10 −2 S cm −1 . The linear configuration incorporates the GPE border into the carbon electrodes. The PAN chain promotes ion solvation and transport into the carbon interior, and the PEG chain coordinates the solvent molecules to form ion motion channels. The synergistic effect of the PAN and PEG blocks enables a GPE EDLC delivering more energy and power than EDLCs with a liquidphase electrolyte. The GPE EDLC delivers 20 Wh kg −1 (approximately 10 Wh L −1 ) at a high power of 10 kW kg −1 (approximately 5 kW L −1 ) when using a high-porosity carbon electrode derived from mesophase pitch activation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Synergistic Effect of Nitrile and Ether Functionalities for Gel Electrolytes Used in Supercapacitors

Hsueh

Huang

et al. 2013

J. Phys. Chem. C

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“…In the synthesis of gel particles, potassium persulfate or ammonium persulfate with/without N , N , N ′, N ′‐tetramethylenediamine initiator systems have been generally used 19–24. A ceric salt‐organic reducing agent containing thiol, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amine functional groups can be used for polymerization and copolymerization of vinyl monomers 25–36. However, ceric salt‐organic reducing agents containing the thiol functional group or groups are new sources to initiate copolymerization of vinyl monomers at low temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3‐Mercaptopropionic Acid–Ce(IV) Redox Couple for Preparing Cross‐Linked Gels with Moderate Swelling Ratios

Özeroğlu¹,

Özduğancι²

2012

Adv Polym Technol

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3-Mercaptopropionic acid-Ce(IV) redox couple has been demonstrated to be useful for cross-linking polymerization of acrylamide (AAm) with N,N -methylene bis(acrylamide) (MBAA). Effects of the cross-linker ratio, acid concentration, and Ce(IV) molar ratios on swelling behavior of the resulting hydrogels have been studied. These experiments show that increasing cross-linker content has greatly reduced the equilibrium swelling ratios as expected. Interestingly, the increase in the Ce(IV) concentration (n Ce(IV) = n MPA ) has resulted in a decrease in the swelling ratio. Because the thiol group in 3-mercaptosuccinic acid acts as a cross-linking agent, more cross-linking occurs with an increase in the Ce(IV) concentration and Ce(III) forming in the cross-linking polymerization reaction of AAm with MBAA may provide the formation of intermolecular complexes between amide groups in polymer chains; the swelling equilibrium ratio and swelling rate decrease with an increase in their concentrations in the cross-linking polymerization reaction of AAm with MBAA. Kinetics and equilibrium swelling values have been discussed in terms of reaction parameters. C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E241-E248, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.

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“…Scheme summarizes the PAN‐ b ‐PEG‐ b ‐PAN copolymer formation reactions in non‐stoichiometric terms, with Ce(IV) as the initiator. Ceric ion redox systems have been extensively used as the initiators for free radical polymerization 35, 36. In the present case of adding vinyl monomers (i.e., AN) to polymers with hydroxyl groups (i.e., PEG), the polymers acted as the reducing agent and reacted with oxidizing Ce(IV) ions to form a complex intermediate, which subsequently decomposed to polymer chain radicals, protons, and Ce(III) ions (see Scheme ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast 10–21

2004

British Journal of Surgery

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Aims: Axillary lymph node metastasis is the prime prognostic indicator in breast cancer patients. Gross metastatic lymph node involvement necessitates axillary clearance; however a dilemma arises when the sentinel node has micrometastases only. Here in we examine the incidence of metastases in non-sentinel nodes from patients with sentinel lymph node micrometastases. Methods: All patients with a primary breast cancer ≤ 2 cm in size were offered sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). A total of 255 women underwent SLNB between August 1999 and December 2003. Sentinel lymph nodes were examined by serial sectioning, haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Results: A total of 214 had no metastases in their sentinel nodes while 31 had macrometastases. Thirteen had micrometastases of whom 11 had axillary clearance. Of these 11, one (9·1%) had a metastasis in a non-sentinel node. Of all the non-sentinel nodes excised, 1/177 (0·56%) had a metastasis. Conclusions: Given the significant morbidity associated with axillary clearance one needs to consider the risk : benefit ratio of the procedure. In this cohort of patients with micrometastases only, the non-sentinel node metastasis yield is very low. Large ongoing trials may further clarify this but our data suggest that patients with small primary tumours and SLNB micrometastasis are unlikely to benefit from further axillary surgery. Breast 11Intradermal injection is the preferred route for injecting radioisotope for sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast cancer

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Aqueous polymerization of acrylamide initiated by cerium(IV)-nitrilotriacetic acid redox initiator

Cited by 18 publications

References 29 publications

The Synergistic Effect of Nitrile and Ether Functionalities for Gel Electrolytes Used in Supercapacitors

The Synergistic Effect of Nitrile and Ether Functionalities for Gel Electrolytes Used in Supercapacitors

3‐Mercaptopropionic Acid–Ce(IV) Redox Couple for Preparing Cross‐Linked Gels with Moderate Swelling Ratios

Breast 10–21

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