Aquapod Systems for Sustainable Ocean Aquaculture

Page, Stephen H.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5797-8_187

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…submergence, at-sea oxygenation and antifouling mesh) to overcome these challenges [35 -38]. Additionally, past models have limited production to areas with depths of less than 50 m [28,39], but we use larger values due to the success of recent single-point mooring operations which can operate at greater depths [40]. Given the substantial investment required for development of openocean aquaculture enterprises, it is most likely that operations will be established in national waters, where there is likely to be less ambiguity concerning property rights and regulatory pathways [14].…”

Section: (C) Spatial Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The growth of finfish in global open-ocean aquaculture under climate change

2017

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Aquaculture production is projected to expand from land-based operations to the open ocean as demand for seafood grows and competition increases for inputs to land-based aquaculture, such as freshwater and suitable land. In contrast to land-based production, open-ocean aquaculture is constrained by oceanographic factors, such as current speeds and seawater temperature, which are dynamic in time and space, and cannot easily be controlled. As such, the potential for offshore aquaculture to increase seafood production is tied to the physical state of the oceans. We employ a novel spatial model to estimate the potential of open-ocean finfish aquaculture globally, given physical, biological and technological constraints. Finfish growth potential for three common aquaculture species representing different thermal guilds-Atlantic salmon (), gilthead seabream () and cobia ()-is compared across species and regions and with climate change, based on outputs of a high-resolution global climate model. Globally, there are ample areas that are physically suitable for fish growth and potential expansion of the nascent aquaculture industry. The effects of climate change are heterogeneous across species and regions, but areas with existing aquaculture industries are likely to see increases in growth rates. In areas where climate change results in reduced growth rates, adaptation measures, such as selective breeding, can probably offset potential production losses.

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Section: (C) Spatial Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The growth of finfish in global open-ocean aquaculture under climate change

2017

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“…The flexural test was conducted in accordance with ASTM D6109. The flexural stress versus strain relationships of the WPC and HDPE lumber used in this study were reported elsewhere [26,27] The selection of the stress levels was made based on; (1) the use of the WPC and HDPE lumber in submerged Aquapod Net Pen cages is expected to be under low stresses (the structural members of the cage does not carry the weight of the cage, except to withstand the mooring and the buoyancy system [14,15,28], (2) researchers in previous studies [6,7,20,[29][30][31] have studied the creep behavior of WPCs under stress levels that were greater than or equal to 30% and recommended further studies using low stress levels [6,32], thus, it is important to investigate the creep behavior of WPCs under low stress levels. Table 1 shows the values of the apparent elastic modulus of the WPC specimens and the HDPE with their standard deviation values and the selected levels of the creep flexural stress.…”

Section: Quasi-static Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexural Creep Behavior of High-Density Polyethylene Lumber and Wood Plastic Composite Lumber Made from Thermally Modified Wood

2020

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The use of wood plastic composite lumber as a structural member material in marine applications is challenging due to the tendency of wood plastic composites (WPCs) to creep and absorb water. A novel patent-pending WPC formulation that combines a thermally modified wood flour (as a cellulosic material) and a high strength styrenic copolymer (high impact polystyrene and styrene maleic anhydride) have been developed with advantageous viscoelastic properties (low initial creep compliance and creep rate) compared with the conventional WPCs. In this study, the creep behavior of the WPC and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) lumber in flexure was characterized and compared. Three sample groupings of WPC and HDPE lumber were subjected to three levels of creep stress; 7.5, 15, and 30% of the ultimate flexural strength (Fb) for a duration of 180 days. Because of the relatively low initial creep compliance of the WPC specimens (five times less) compared with the initial creep compliance of HDPE specimens, the creep deformation of HDPE specimens was six times higher than the creep deformation of WPC specimens at the 30% creep stress level. A Power Law model predicted that the strain (3%) to failure in the HDPE lumber would occur in 1.5 years at 30% Fb flexural stress while the predicted strain (1%) failure for the WPC lumber would occur in 150 years. The findings of this study suggest using the WPC lumber in structural application to replace the HDPE lumber in flexure attributable to the low time-dependent deformation when the applied stress value is withing the linear region of the stress-strain relationship.

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“…These triangular panel components are designed to contribute to facile construction by reducing the Figure 1. Details of connected struts in the panels and the connected panels to form the cage faces, types of hubs, and the types of the panels of the geodesic spherical cage structure with an approximate diameter of 21 m [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Performance of HDPE and WPC Lumber Components Used in Aquacultural Geodesic Spherical Cages

2019

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Based on previous research, a novel wood-plastic composite (WPC) lumber has shown potential to replace high-density polyethylene (HDPE) lumber in the construction of aquacultural geodesic spherical cage structures. Six HDPE and six WPC assemblies, which are representative of typical full-size cage dimensions, were fabricated by bolting pairs of triangular panel components made with connected struts. Half of the panel assemblies had a plastic-coated steel wire mesh to simulate the actual restraint in field applications of the cages. The objective of the research was to characterize the structural performance of the panel assemblies under compressive loading. To determine the critical buckling load for the panel assemblies made from WPC and HDPE struts with and without wire mesh, Southwell's method was implemented. A two-dimensional (2D) linear finite element analysis model was developed to determine axial forces in the struts of the panel assembly for the applied load and boundary conditions. This model was used to determine strut compressive forces corresponding to the Southwell's method buckling load and the experimental failure load. It was found that the wire mesh increased the load capacity of both HDPE and WPC panel assemblies by a factor of two. The typical failure mode of the panels made from HDPE lumber struts, with and without wire mesh, was buckling of the struts, whereas the failure mode of the WPC panels, with and without wire mesh, was fracture at the notched section corresponding to the location of the bolts. The load capacity of the panel assemblies made from WPC lumber struts was three times and 2.5 times higher than the load capacity of the panel assemblies made from HDPE lumber struts with and without wire mesh, respectively.

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Aquapod Systems for Sustainable Ocean Aquaculture

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

The growth of finfish in global open-ocean aquaculture under climate change

The growth of finfish in global open-ocean aquaculture under climate change

Flexural Creep Behavior of High-Density Polyethylene Lumber and Wood Plastic Composite Lumber Made from Thermally Modified Wood

Structural Performance of HDPE and WPC Lumber Components Used in Aquacultural Geodesic Spherical Cages

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