Approach of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) Syndrome–Related Skin Tumors

Abstract

Non-endocrine findings in patients with MEN1 (multiple endocrine neoplasia) syndrome also include skin lesions, especially tumor-type lesions. This is a narrative review of the English-language medical literature including original studies concerning MEN1 and dermatological issues (apart from dermatologic features of each endocrine tumor/neuroendocrine neoplasia), identified through a PubMed-based search (based on clinical relevance, with no timeline restriction or concern regarding the level of statistical significance). We identified 27 original studies involving clinical presentation of patients with MEN1 and cutaneous tumors; eight other original studies that also included the genetic background; and four additional original studies were included. The largest cohorts were from studies in Italy (N = 145 individuals), Spain (N = 90), the United States (N = 48 and N = 32), and Japan (N = 28). The age of patients varied from 18 to 76 years, with the majority of individuals in their forties. The most common cutaneous tumors are angiofibromas (AF), collagenomas (CG), and lipomas (L). Other lesions are atypical nevi, basocellular carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, acrochordons, papillomatosis confluens et reticularis, gingival papules, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma of the eyelid. Non-tumor aspects are confetti-like hypopigmentation, café-au-lait macules, and gingival papules. MEN1 gene, respective menin involvement has also been found in melanomas, but the association with MEN1 remains debatable. Typically, cutaneous tumors (AF, CG, and L) are benign and are surgically treated only for cosmetic reasons. Some of them are reported as first presentation. Even though skin lesions are not pathognomonic, recognizing them plays an important role in early identification of MEN1 patients. Whether a subgroup of MEN1 subjects is prone to developing these types of cutaneous lesions and how they influence MEN1 evolution is still an open issue.

3D bioprinting strategies and their application in studies in vivo and in vitro animal models for skin regeneration: a concise systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The microextrusion method makes use of mechanical or pneumatic extrusion of spheres of materials composed of cells mixed with hydrogels, the compound is chemically or physically solidified to form the 3D construct. Microextrusion enables a wide variety of biomaterials, including materials with high viscosity and density, but in general, they have lower cell viability than the inkjet printer method [2][3][4].…”

“…Annually, 50% of medical expenses worldwide stem from damage to the body's tissues and organs. Large skin defects can be caused by tumor excision, venous ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and burns [3,4].…”

“…BCC is associated with low mortality and high morbidity and increased costs for the health system. the most adopted therapy is surgical excision, but if the lesion has a very large extension, additional surgery may be necessary to close the wound [4].…”