Appressorium: The Breakthrough in Dikarya

Demoor, Alexander; Silar, Philippe; Brun, Sylvain

doi:10.3390/jof5030072

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…At the present time, a complete picture of how any fungus degrades plant biomass is not available because of the complexity of the degradative process that calls for dozens of enzymes [ 1 , 67 , 68 ], the necessity for the fungus to resist lignin degradation products and other chemicals present in plant biomasses (e.g., extractives), which also likely involves numerous enzymatic systems [ 4 , 14 ] and the contribution of appressorium-like differentiation in the breaching of the plant cell walls [ 13 ]. Deciphering this process would be greatly facilitated by using a species that is able to degrade lignin and is easy to manipulate in the lab, especially with an efficient genetic analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We confirm that it is able to degrade lignin. It also differentiates appressorium-like structures involved in biomass penetration [ 11 , 13 ]. Overall, this fungus presents a large array of mechanisms to efficiently breach and degrade lignocellulose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is most likely that having efficient enzymatic machinery towards lignin is not sufficient for effectively breaking down lignocellulose. Indeed, fungi must also breach the plant cell wall, which some species do by producing appressorium-like structures [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. They must also resist the toxic compounds present in wood or generated during the degradation process [ 4 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lignin Degradation and Its Use in Signaling Development by the Coprophilous Ascomycete Podospora anserina

Dicko¹,

Ferrari

Tangthirasunun

et al. 2020

JoF

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The filamentous fungus Podospora anserina is a good model to study the breakdown of lignocellulose, owing to its ease of culture and genetical analysis. Here, we show that the fungus is able to use a wide range of lignocellulosic materials as food sources. Using color assays, spectroscopy and pyrolysis–gas chromatography mass spectrometry, we confirm that this ascomycete is able to degrade lignin, primarily by hydrolyzing β–O-4 linkages, which facilitates its nutrient uptake. We show that the limited weight loss that is promoted when attacking Miscanthus giganteus is due to a developmental blockage rather than an inefficiency of its enzymes. Finally, we show that lignin, and, more generally, phenolics, including degradation products of lignin, greatly stimulate the growth and fertility of the fungus in liquid cultures. Analyses of the CATΔΔΔΔΔ mutant lacking all its catalases, pro-oxidants and antioxidants indicate that improved growth and fertility of the fungus is likely caused by augmented reactive oxygen species levels triggered by the presence of phenolics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lignin Degradation and Its Use in Signaling Development by the Coprophilous Ascomycete Podospora anserina

Dicko¹,

Ferrari

Tangthirasunun

et al. 2020

JoF

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“…A number of fungal pathogens penetrate host tissues, including medically relevant C. albicans [8,10,12] and A. fumigatus [9], and plant pathogens [47,48], including Colletotrichum sp. [49], Ustilago maydis [50], Magnaporthe sp.…”

Section: Cell Morphology Is Dependent Of Substrate Stiffnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical force-induced morphology changes in a human fungal pathogen

et al. 2020

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Background The initial step of a number of human or plant fungal infections requires active penetration of host tissue. For example, active penetration of intestinal epithelia by Candida albicans is critical for dissemination from the gut into the bloodstream. However, little is known about how this fungal pathogen copes with resistive forces upon host cell invasion. Results In the present study, we have used PDMS micro-fabrication to probe the ability of filamentous C. albicans cells to penetrate and grow invasively in substrates of different stiffness. We show that there is a threshold for penetration that corresponds to a stiffness of ~ 200 kPa and that invasive growth within a stiff substrate is characterized by dramatic filament buckling, along with a stiffness-dependent decrease in extension rate. We observed a striking alteration in cell morphology, i.e., reduced cell compartment length and increased diameter during invasive growth, that is not due to depolarization of active Cdc42, but rather occurs at a substantial distance from the site of growth as a result of mechanical compression. Conclusions Our data reveal that in response to this compression, active Cdc42 levels are increased at the apex, whereas active Rho1 becomes depolarized, similar to that observed in membrane protrusions. Our results show that cell growth and morphology are altered during invasive growth, suggesting stiffness dictates the host cells that C. albicans can penetrate.

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“…Appressoria have been recently described as a widespread structure in Dikarya saprotrophic filamentous fungi, enabling them to penetrate solid surfaces [ 115 ]. Nevertheless, it is in pathogenic fungi where appressoria are the main structure developed to achieve infection of plants or insects by the penetration of the host cuticle [ 116 , 117 ].…”

Section: Peroxisome and Mitochondrial Dynamics Are Required For Pamentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Regulation of Peroxisomes and Mitochondria during Fungal Development

Navarro-Espíndola

Suaste-Olmos

Peraza-Reyes

2020

JoF

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Peroxisomes and mitochondria are organelles that perform major functions in the cell and whose activity is very closely associated. In fungi, the function of these organelles is critical for many developmental processes. Recent studies have disclosed that, additionally, fungal development comprises a dynamic regulation of the activity of these organelles, which involves a developmental regulation of organelle assembly, as well as a dynamic modulation of the abundance, distribution, and morphology of these organelles. Furthermore, for many of these processes, the dynamics of peroxisomes and mitochondria are governed by common factors. Notably, intense research has revealed that the process that drives the division of mitochondria and peroxisomes contributes to several developmental processes—including the formation of asexual spores, the differentiation of infective structures by pathogenic fungi, and sexual development—and that these processes rely on selective removal of these organelles via autophagy. Furthermore, evidence has been obtained suggesting a coordinated regulation of organelle assembly and dynamics during development and supporting the existence of regulatory systems controlling fungal development in response to mitochondrial activity. Gathered information underscores an important role for mitochondrial and peroxisome dynamics in fungal development and suggests that this process involves the concerted activity of these organelles.

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Appressorium: The Breakthrough in Dikarya

Cited by 34 publications

References 33 publications

Lignin Degradation and Its Use in Signaling Development by the Coprophilous Ascomycete Podospora anserina

Lignin Degradation and Its Use in Signaling Development by the Coprophilous Ascomycete Podospora anserina

Mechanical force-induced morphology changes in a human fungal pathogen

Dynamic Regulation of Peroxisomes and Mitochondria during Fungal Development

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