Dynamic Regulation of Peroxisomes and Mitochondria during Fungal Development

Abstract

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are organelles that perform major functions in the cell and whose activity is very closely associated. In fungi, the function of these organelles is critical for many developmental processes. Recent studies have disclosed that, additionally, fungal development comprises a dynamic regulation of the activity of these organelles, which involves a developmental regulation of organelle assembly, as well as a dynamic modulation of the abundance, distribution, and morphology of these organelles. Furthermore, for many of these processes, the dynamics of peroxisomes and mitochondria are governed by common factors. Notably, intense research has revealed that the process that drives the division of mitochondria and peroxisomes contributes to several developmental processes—including the formation of asexual spores, the differentiation of infective structures by pathogenic fungi, and sexual development—and that these processes rely on selective removal of these organelles via autophagy. Furthermore, evidence has been obtained suggesting a coordinated regulation of organelle assembly and dynamics during development and supporting the existence of regulatory systems controlling fungal development in response to mitochondrial activity. Gathered information underscores an important role for mitochondrial and peroxisome dynamics in fungal development and suggests that this process involves the concerted activity of these organelles.

AoBck1 and AoMkk1 Are Necessary to Maintain Cell Wall Integrity, Vegetative Growth, Conidiation, Stress Resistance, and Pathogenicity in the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora

“…Interestingly, the transcripts of several genes related to cell wall biosynthesis were significantly downregulated in the ΔAoBck1 and ΔAoMkk1 mutants, which was consistent with the phenotypic alterations. In addition, the Woronin body is a peroxisome-derived dense-core vesicle that is unique to several genera of filamentous ascomycetes (Momany et al, 2002), which is involved in sealing septal pores in response to cellular damage (Navarro-Espíndola et al, 2020). The Woronin body of A. oligospora also plays an important regulatory role in conidiation, trap formation, stress resistance, and adaptation to nutrient-deficient environments (Liang et al, 2017).…”

The Glyoxysomal Protease LON2 Is Involved in Fruiting-Body Development, Ascosporogenesis and Stress Resistance in Sordaria macrospora

“…In the close relative of S. macrospora, P. anserina, peroxisomes were shown to perform different functions during ascus development and ascospore formation. Morphology and dynamics of peroxisomes are different in vegetative cells present within perithecia and change morphologically in sexual cells and during the sexual cycle [54][55][56]. Therefore, the impact of the disturbed glyoxysomal protein homeostasis possibly differs in vegetative and sexual cells.…”

Nitric Oxide (NO) Scaffolds the Peroxisomal Protein–Protein Interaction Network in Higher Plants

“…Years later, those new structures were isolated and biochemically characterized in rat liver being recognized as a new cellular compartment having a prominent hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) metabolism [ 8 , 9 ]. From that time, studies on peroxisomes were gradually extended to other organisms [ 1 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Figure 1 shows some representative species, belonging to each kingdom, where peroxisomes have been studied, and Table 1 displays various examples of the diversity of functions exerted by peroxisomes depending on the organism.…”