Applying Nanomaterials to Modern Biomedical Electrochemical Detection of Metabolites, Electrolytes, and Pathogens

Abstract

Personal biosensors and bioelectronics have been demonstrated for use in out-of-clinic biomedical devices. Such modern devices have the potential to transform traditional clinical analysis into a new approach, allowing patients or users to screen their own health or warning of diseases. Researchers aim to explore the opportunities of easy-to-wear and easy-to-carry sensors that would empower users to detect biomarkers, electrolytes, or pathogens at home in a rapid and easy way. This mobility would open the door for early diagnosis and personalized healthcare management to a wide audience. In this review, we focus on the recent progress made in modern electrochemical sensors, which holds promising potential to support point-of-care technologies. Key original research articles covered in this review are mainly experimental reports published from 2018 to 2020. Strategies for the detection of metabolites, ions, and viruses are updated in this article. The relevant challenges and opportunities of applying nanomaterials to support the fabrication of new electrochemical biosensors are also discussed. Finally, perspectives regarding potential benefits and current challenges of the technology are included. The growing area of personal biosensors is expected to push their application closer to a new phase of biomedical advancement.

Advances in emergent biological recognition elements and bioelectronics for diagnosing COVID-19

“…Significant factors to be considered in developing the base of the electrode are the rate of heterogeneous electron transfer and double layer capacitance as they control the response time, sensitivity, limit of detection, and signal-to-noise ratio [ 14 , 108 , 109 ]. Several materials, such as common carbon-based nanomaterials [ 110 , 111 ], gold [ 112 ], and platinum [ 113 ], can be employed.…”

“…Although the nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), such as the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a standard approach to detect unique SARS-CoV-2 genome [ 13 ], this PCR-based method has some limitations; for example, the cost for instrumentation and operation limits the affordability. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is ideal for public strategic requirements to control the COVID-19 crisis [ 14 , 15 ]. In addition, RT-PCR relies on special analysts and centralized laboratory in the hospital.…”

Review—Lab-in-a-Mouth and Advanced Point-of-Care Sensing Systems: Detecting Bioinformation from the Oral Cavity and Saliva

“…[55][56][57][58][59][60][61] Several biomarkers (e.g., drugs, hormones, metabolites, and proteins) have been employed in clinical situations because they provide useful diagnostic information. 57,[62][63][64][65] Salivary chemicals comprise a diverse range of biological agents, including salivary gland-produced substances, exogenous substances, bacteria, and blood-permeating substances. Saliva testing, on the other hand, has drawbacks when compared to blood analysis.…”

Glucose Biosensor Based on Dendritic Gold Nanostructures Electrodeposited on Graphite Electrode by Different Electrochemical Methods

“…Nowadays, gold micro-and nano-structures of various forms have received considerable attention due to their size-and shape-dependent physical and chemical properties [1][2][3]. The stars, three-dimensional meso-flowers, porous textile-like gold sheets, raspberry-and urchin-like gold nanostructures have attracted increased interest due to their enhanced electrocatalytic activity, efficiency and high sensitivity in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) [4][5][6].…”