Applicator exposure to acetochlor based on biomonitoring

Gustin, Christophe; Moran, Sharon J.; Fuhrman, John D.; Kurtzweil, Mitchell L.; Kronenberg, Joel M.; Gustafson, David I.; Marshall, Monte A.

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.06.015

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…On the day before spraying, urinary EMA concentrations were detected in only 66.7% farmers because the farmers might not have used acetochlor for a while before our visit, but it was still measurable in the urine, perhaps due to field contamination or storage near the home. Gustin et al [ 33 ] reported the detection frequency of urinary EMA (24 h composite urine) of farmers spraying acetochlor as 15, 100, and 100% the day before spraying, the spraying day, and the day after spraying using open- and closed-tractor cab spraying. Furthermore, the detection frequency of Gustin et al’s [ 33 ] study was higher than the current study on the spray days because of the longer duration of spraying, higher spraying volume, and spraying continuously for 5 days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gustin et al [ 33 ] reported the detection frequency of urinary EMA (24 h composite urine) of farmers spraying acetochlor as 15, 100, and 100% the day before spraying, the spraying day, and the day after spraying using open- and closed-tractor cab spraying. Furthermore, the detection frequency of Gustin et al’s [ 33 ] study was higher than the current study on the spray days because of the longer duration of spraying, higher spraying volume, and spraying continuously for 5 days. Gustin et al’s [ 33 ] study also reported urinary EMA concentrations of open- and closed-tractor cabins of 0.004 and 0.002 mg/kg bw/day, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air, Dermal, and Urinary Metabolite Levels of Backpack and Tractor Sprayers Using the Herbicide Acetochlor in Thailand

Kallayanatham

Pengpumkiat

Kongtip

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Acetochlor is a chloroacetanilide selective pre-emergent herbicide used for controlling grass and broadleaf weeds in crops. This study compared the acetochlor exposures of backpack and tractor sprayers and assessed whether dermal or air exposures were more important contributors to the overall body burden as measured by urinary metabolites. Sixty sugarcane farmers in Nakhonsawan province, Thailand participated in the study, and breathing zone air and dermal patch samples were collected during spraying. Urine samples were collected before spraying, at the end of the spraying task, and on the day after spraying. For backpack and tractor sprayers, there was no significant difference in their breathing zone air concentrations, total body dermal samples, or urinary 2-methy-6-methyaniline (EMA) concentrations on the day after spraying. In addition, although most backpack and tractor sprayers wore long pants and long sleeve shirts, they were still exposed to acetochlor, as evidenced by a significant increase in the urinary EMA from before spraying (GM = 11.5 µg/g creatinine) to after spraying (GM = 88.5 µg/g creatinine) to the next day (GM = 111.0 µg/g creatinine). Breathing zone air samples were significantly correlated with those of total body dermal patch samples and with urinary EMA concentrations after spraying. This suggests that both air and dermal exposure contribute to urinary EMA levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air, Dermal, and Urinary Metabolite Levels of Backpack and Tractor Sprayers Using the Herbicide Acetochlor in Thailand

Kallayanatham

Pengpumkiat

Kongtip

et al. 2023

Toxics

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“…These total dose values are similar to those reported for acetochlor in the urine of exposed workers (2 and 4 mg per kg bw per day). 17 If 40% of an applied dose of propiconazole is absorbed through the skin (estimated from a rat dermal absorption study 4 ), the relative contribution of dermal exposure to the total systemic exposure may be significant. In addition, the release of propiconazole as an aerosol during pesticide application may enhance dermal exposure due to increased deposition onto the skin compared to vapors as a result of larger particle size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and application of quantitative methods for monitoring dermal and inhalation exposure to propiconazole

et al. 2008

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Quantitative methods to measure dermal and inhalation exposure to the fungicide propiconazole were developed in the laboratory and applied in the occupational exposure setting for monitoring five farm workers' exposure during pesticide preparation and application to peach crops. Dermal exposure was measured with tape-strips applied to the skin, and the amount of propiconazole was normalized to keratin content in the tape-strip. Inhalation exposure was measured with an OVS tube placed in the worker's breathing-zone during pesticide handling. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS in EI+ mode (limit of detection 6 pg microl(-1)). Dermal exposure ranged from non-detectable to 32.1 +/- 22.6 ng per microg keratin while breathing-zone concentrations varied from 0.2 to 2.2 microg m(-3). A positive correlation was observed between breathing-zone concentrations and ambient air temperature (r2 = 0.87, p < 0.01). Breathing-zone concentrations did not correlate with dermal exposure levels (r2 = 0.11, p = 0.52). Propiconazole levels were below limit of detection when rubber gloves, coveralls, and full-face mask were used. The total-body propiconazole dose, determined for each worker by summing the estimated dermal dose and inhalation dose, ranged from 0.01 to 12 microg per kg body weight per day. Our results show that tape-stripping of the skin and the OVS can be effectively utilized to measure dermal and inhalation exposure to propiconazole, respectively, and that the dermal route of exposure contributed substantially more to the total dose than the inhalation route.

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“…Although plasma pseudocholinesterase levels can be measured, they do not correlate directly to any clinical response [3]. Biomonitoring of urinary metabolites [10] may be a beneficial solution to find the intoxication level of every patient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Different Atropine Therapy Strategies on Fenthion‐Induced Organ Dysfunction in Rats

Fidan

Şahin

Ela

et al. 2007

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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Abstract:We studied the influence of dose and timing of atropine therapy on fenthion-induced organ dysfunction. Thirtysix rats were randomized into six groups. All rats in the five groups except the control group were intoxicated with fenthion. The high-dose atropine group received 2 mg/kg of atropine, whereas the low-dose group received 100 µ g/kg of atropine every hour for 24 hr. One group received 2 mg/kg of atropine in the first 4 hr of intoxication while the other group received 2 mg/kg of atropine in the last 4 hr before killed, which for all rats was 24 hr after intoxication. Pseudocholinesterase and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels and histopathological markers of lung, brain and liver were studied. None of our atropine therapy strategies in this study totally prevented harm on the three organs. Although the high dose of atropine administered for 24 hr had the least harmful markers for lung, it also had the most harmful markers for brain and liver. We did not succeed in finding a unique therapy strategy in our models beneficial for all studied organs in fenthion intoxication in rats. Atropine administration strategy should be oriented for the most affected organ pathology in fenthion intoxication.Organophosphate drugs are used as pesticides in agriculture. Physicians mainly treat patients with organophosphate intoxication because of accidental exposure to high doses of the drug or suicide attempt. Because of their high toxicity, organophosphates cause severe morbidity and mortality [1]. The widespread use of organophosphates has long been known to exert deleterious effects on living organisms [2].Acute organophosphate intoxication causes postsynaptic acetylcholine accumulation that results in stimulation of the autonomic nervous system, central nervous system and the skeletal muscle [3]. Additionally, dimethoate as an organophosphate drug induces hepatocellular damage and ischaemic changes of the brain [4].Although alternative agents to reduce organophosphateinduced mortality are being searched for [5], atropine remains one of the major drugs to be used in organophosphate intoxication. Atropine is the competitive antagonist of acetylcholine at the muscarinic postsynaptic membrane and is administered to obtain the required clinical response in the treatment of organophosphate intoxication. Atropine is administered until dry skin and bronchial secretions are obtained and prevention of myosis and bradycardia is usually not sufficient [6]. However, this therapeutic goal is needed for every patient, although every patient has a different degree of intoxication and it is difficult to estimate clinical responses of each patient. For these reasons, different doses of atropine are administered to every patient at different times of intoxication.Accumulation of excessive acetylcholine at muscarinic and nicotinic receptors is accused to cause toxic effects and organ dysfunctions (e.g. in lungs) [1,3] due to fenthion. Additionally, atropine that is the competitive antagonist of acetylch...

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Applicator exposure to acetochlor based on biomonitoring

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Air, Dermal, and Urinary Metabolite Levels of Backpack and Tractor Sprayers Using the Herbicide Acetochlor in Thailand

Air, Dermal, and Urinary Metabolite Levels of Backpack and Tractor Sprayers Using the Herbicide Acetochlor in Thailand

Development and application of quantitative methods for monitoring dermal and inhalation exposure to propiconazole

Influence of Different Atropine Therapy Strategies on Fenthion‐Induced Organ Dysfunction in Rats

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