Development and application of quantitative methods for monitoring dermal and inhalation exposure to propiconazole

Flack, Sheila L.; Goktepe, Ipek; Ball, Louise M.; Nylander‐French, Leena A.

doi:10.1039/b714882h

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…In this study, the GM of urinary glyphosate next morning after spraying day (μg/g creatinine) did not significantly differ from that at the end of spraying task. Connolly et al (2018) estimated half-life of glyphosate in urine was between 3 and 20 h after exposure; sampling times of less than 24 h would not allow sufficient time for pesticide absorption and excretion, particularly when skin is the dominant route of exposure (Flack et al 2008;Vitali et al 2009). The urinary glyphosate on the next morning was used for comparison among different spraying equipment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary glyphosate biomonitoring of sprayers in vegetable farm in Thailand

Bootsikeaw

Kongtip

Nankongnab

et al. 2020

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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In Thailand, glyphosate is popular herbicide to control pests in the agricultural sector. This study aimed to measure glyphosate exposure concentrations through inhalation, dermal contact, and urinary glyphosate concentrations among 43 vegetable farmers spraying glyphosate in Bungphra Subdistrict, Phitsanulok Province. Four types of spraying equipment were used, manual pump backpack (n = 3), motorized spray backpack (n = 22), battery pump backpack (n = 16), and high pressure pump (n = 2). Breathing zone air samples were collected using glass fiber filters; dermal contact samples were collected using 100 cm 2 cotton patches attached on 10 body locations and urine samples were collected at 3 time points: morning void urine the day before spraying, the end of spraying event, and the morning void urine the next day of spraying. The results showed that the geometric mean (GM; geometric standard deviation [GSD]) of breathing zone concentrations of glyphosate exposure were 9.37 (10.17) μg/m 3 . The GM (GSD) of total dermal patches exposure concentrations were 7.57 (0.01) mg/h. The legs, back, and arms were the most exposed body areas. The GM (GSD) of urinary glyphosate was found highest among vegetable farmers using manual backpack 46.90 (1.35) μg/g creatinine. Farmers should wear masks and boots to reduce glyphosate exposure by inhalation and dermal contact.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary glyphosate biomonitoring of sprayers in vegetable farm in Thailand

Bootsikeaw

Kongtip

Nankongnab

et al. 2020

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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“…However, the LOD for penconazole-COOH is almost three orders of magnitude lower than the peak level seen in the volunteer study so if residents were exposed to penconazole, even at levels below the ADI, metabolites should be detectable in urine samples collected within 4 to 5 half-lives; the volunteer study showed levels at least 10× the LOD at 24 h post-dose. Furthermore, it is likely that if residents were exposed to penconazole it would be mostly through dermal exposure [ 20 ] rather than ingestion, with the delay in peak exposure as seen in the tebuconazole study [ 18 , 19 ]. In these scenarios, collecting urine samples the following day would increase the likelihood of detection in samples collected the following day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Biomarker for Penconazole: A Human Oral Dosing Study and a Survey of UK Residents’ Exposure

Sams

Jones

Galea

et al. 2016

Toxics

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Penconazole is a widely used fungicide in the UK; however, to date, there have been no peer-reviewed publications reporting human metabolism, excretion or biological monitoring data. The objectives of this study were to i) develop a robust analytical method, ii) determine biomarker levels in volunteers exposed to penconazole, and, finally, to iii) measure the metabolites in samples collected as part of a large investigation of rural residents' exposure. An LC-MS/MS method was developed for penconazole and two oxidative metabolites. Three volunteers received a single oral dose of 0.03 mg/kg body weight and timed urine samples were collected and analysed. The volunteer study demonstrated that both penconazole-OH and penconazole-COOH are excreted in humans following an oral dose and are viable biomarkers. Excretion is rapid with a half-life of less than four hours. Mean recovery of the administered dose was 47% (range 33%-54%) in urine treated with glucuronidase to hydrolyse any conjugates. The results from the residents' study showed that levels of penconazole-COOH in this population were low with >80% below the limit of detection. Future sampling strategies that include both end of exposure and next day urine samples, as well as contextual data about the route and time of exposure, are recommended.

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“…External exposure was assessed collecting information on the use of PEN and investigating dermal exposure. In fact, dermal exposure was recognized as the main exposure route both during pesticide mixing, loading and application, and during re-entry activities Flack et al, 2008). PEN metabolites were measured in urine sampled before, during and after the application/re-entry in the treated vineyards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of penconazole exposure in winegrowers using urinary biomarkers

Mercadante

Polledri

Rubino

et al. 2019

Environmental Research

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Penconazole (PEN) is a fungicide used in agriculture. The aim of this work was to evaluate the exposure to PEN in vineyard workers focusing on urinary biomarkers. Twenty-two agricultural workers were involved in the study; they were investigated during PEN applications and re-entry work, performed for 1-4 consecutive working days, for a total of 42 mixing and applications and 12 re-entries. Potential and actual dermal exposure, including hand exposure, were measured using pads and hand washes. Urine samples were collected starting before the first application, continuing during the work shift, and ending 48 hours after the last shift. The determination of PEN in dermal samples and PEN metabolites in urine was performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Dermal potential body exposure and actual total exposure showed median levels ranging from 18 to 3356 and from 21 to 111 µg, respectively. Urinary monohydroxyl-derivative PEN-OH was the most abundant metabolite; its excretion rate peaked within 24 h after the work shift. In this period, median concentrations of PEN-OH and the carboxyl-derivative PEN-COOH ranged from 15.6 to 27.6 µg/L and from 2.5 to 10.2 µg/L, respectively. The concentration of PEN-OH during the work shift, in the 24 h after and in the 25-48 h after the work shift were correlated with actual body and total dermal exposure (Pearson's r from 0.279 to 0.562). Our results suggest that PEN-OH in the 24 h post-exposure urine is a promising candidate for biomonitoring PEN exposure in agricultural workers. AbstractPenconazole (PEN) is a fungicide used in agriculture. The aim of this work was to evaluate the exposure to PEN in vineyard workers focusing on urinary biomarkers.Twenty-two agricultural workers were involved in the study; they were investigated during PEN applications and re-entry work, performed for 1-4 consecutive working days, for a total of 42 mixing and applications and 12 re-entries. Potential and actual dermal exposure, including hand exposure, were measured using pads and hand washes. Urine samples were collected starting before the first application, continuing during the work shift, and ending 48 hours after the last shift. The determination of PEN in dermal samples and PEN metabolites in urine was performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.Dermal potential body exposure and actual total exposure showed median levels ranging from 18 to 3356 and from 21 to 111 µg, respectively. Urinary monohydroxyl-derivative PEN-OH was the most abundant metabolite; its excretion rate peaked within 24 h after the work shift. In this period, median concentrations of PEN-OH and the carboxyl-derivative PEN-COOH ranged from 15.6 to 27.6 µg/L and from 2.5 to 10.2 µg/L, respectively. The concentration of PEN-OH during the work shift, in the 24 h after and in the 25-48 h after the work shift were correlated with actual body and total dermal exposure (Pearson's r from 0.279 to 0.562).Our results suggest that PEN-OH in the 24 h post-exposure urine is a promising candidate for bio...

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Development and application of quantitative methods for monitoring dermal and inhalation exposure to propiconazole

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

Urinary glyphosate biomonitoring of sprayers in vegetable farm in Thailand

Urinary glyphosate biomonitoring of sprayers in vegetable farm in Thailand

Development of a Biomarker for Penconazole: A Human Oral Dosing Study and a Survey of UK Residents’ Exposure

Assessment of penconazole exposure in winegrowers using urinary biomarkers

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